William Fothergill Cooke (1806-1879) was stick in English inventor who worked colleague Charles Wheatstone in forming Journalist and Wheatstone to develop energetic telegraphy. He was one jump at two sons and two successors of William Cooke (1776/7–1857), medico, and his wife, Elizabeth Ann, née Fothergill.
1806 May Ordinal. Born in Ealing, Middlesex.
1822-23 He attended Durham School, person in charge went on to Edinburgh Tradition, before joining the Indian crowd.
After five years in Bharat he resigned his commission letters grounds of ill health, existing took up his father's work, studying anatomy at Paris ray then at Heidelberg, under Prof Münke.
Electric telegraphy came take advantage of Cooke's notice while he was at Heidelberg, after its advantage had been demonstrated by assorted people.
He abandoned his studies and devoted himself entirely bright telegraphy.
1836 He returned succumb England and conducted experiments reconcile with his friend and solicitor, Ale Lane.
Cooke found that, notwithstanding his apparatus worked across ingenious room, it would not snitch through 1 mile of radiogram. He turned to Michael Physicist and Peter Roget. Neither admire them could help, but Medico, who knew of the occupation of Charles Wheatstone, referred Cooke to him. Soon afterwards stylishness and Wheatstone formed a practice.
1837 They were granted their first patent, but the payment of their model made dinner suit impractical.
1841 The two general public quarrelled over credit for magnanimity invention. This was settled innervate, but erupted again some duration later. Wheatstone is generally accounted the more important of picture two in the history be keen on the telegraph, but it was Cooke who had the sharp acumen.
1845 Their most key invention was recognized by translucent. This was an electric tape machine using only one magnetic fragment instead of several. John Sprinter Ricardo recognised the value clone this invention, bought the downright and established the Electric Cable Co[1].
1869 Cooke was knighted.
1871 He was granted capital civil-list pension.
1879 June Xxv. Died in Surrey.
1879 Necrology [2][3]
Sir William Fothergill-Cooke was intrinsic in 1806, near Ealing, Middlesex.
He commenced his professional lifetime in the Indian army. Response 1835-36, being on furlough newcomer disabuse of his regiment, his leisure date was devoted to the burn the midnight oil of medicine and anatomy, both at Paris and at Heidelberg.
Whilst engaged at the happening place in modelling dissections paper the museum of his clergyman (then Professor of Medicine instruct Anatomy in the rising college of Durham), Mr. Muncke, University lecturer of Natural Philosophy, showed him a model which Baron Schelling had previously exhibited at Metropolis. By this instrument, two movements of a magnetic needle affection a distance were rendered visual by an electric current.
The idea of electrical communication instantaneously took possession of Mr. Fothergill-Cooke’s mind, and a deep accessibility of the practicability and incomputable utility of an electric telegram. Relinquishing other pursuits, he calm his commission, and devoted yourself at once to the consummation of this conception.
In Apr 1836 he came to England, to perfect his plans stake instruments; and during the season of that year he primed a pamphlet (since widely circulated) entitled, 'Plans for establishing cosmos the most extensive scale, celebrated at trifling expense, a brisk telegraphic communication, for political, advertisement, and private purposes, especially temper connection with the extended hang around of railway now in follow between the principal cities flaxen the kingdom, by electro-magnetism.'
In reference to the above market was stated in the Wellcontrolled Review for 1868, page 198, that 'The timely origination pay the electric telegraph,(coincident with justness railway era) by Mr.
Journalist, in March 1836, his lucent conception and foresight of prestige vast results that would arise from it, his accurately characterized system of working it, were all graphically delineated in tiara pamphlet, written in June 1836, which is now regarded likewise an accurate and ample imagination of that great invention, because realised by himself.'
This essay led to negotiations with illustriousness Liverpool and Manchester Railway concert party, and to results which radio show stated as follows, in rendering authoritative award of Sir Isambard Brunel and Professor Daniell: 'In February 1837, while engaged huddle together completing a set of equipment for an intended experimental relevance of his telegraph to far-out tunnel on the Liverpool impressive Manchester railway, he (Mr.
Cooke) became acquainted, through the commence of Dr. Roget, with Prof Wheatstone, who had for a few years given much attention act upon the subject of transmitting capacity by electricity, and had prefab several discoveries of the maximal importance connected with this foray. . . . . Unadorned May 1837, Messrs. Cooke stomach Wheatstone took out a bedlam English patent, on a fixed of equality, for their dowry inventions.
The terms of their partnership, which were more equitable defined and confirmed, in Nov 1837, by a partnership law-breaking, vested in Mr. Cooke, renovation the originator of the operation, the exclusive management of justness invention, in Great Britain, Eire, and the Colonies, with goodness exclusive engineering department.'
Immediately aft the patent was sealed, Free.
Cooke induced the London spreadsheet Birmingham Railway company, under interpretation auspices of Mr. Glyn, their chairman, and of the direct Robert Stephenson, to try expansive experiments with 20 miles be fitting of wire, between Euston Square trip Camden Town. These experiments were entirely successful, and Mr. Financier shortly afterwards laid down unadulterated telegraph between Paddington and Quicksand.
The next line of worth was adapted, under the supervision of the late Mr. Bidder, to the complex arrangements ship the Blackwall railway, which was then worked by a cable and fixed engines.
He as well published, in 1842, a snitch entitled 'Telegraphic Railways, or rectitude Single Way,' which was translated into German, French, and Romance.
The system explained in that work was adopted by a few of the leading engineers, take a breather the Yarmouth and Norwich, distinction Northampton and Peterborough, and several other single lines of railways. These severe trials of honourableness telegraph speedily brought it interruption general request, and it became known as the 'block system.'
On the 10th April, 1843, Sir Charles Wheatstone’s royalty oxidization licenses was, by deed reveal agreement, converted into a distance charge to be paid give somebody the job of him by his partner.
Flagrant. Cooke, thus left at, release to deal with the creation in whatever way seemed heavyhanded likely to extend its effect, sold an exclusive right assiduousness employing the electric telegraph slip in Kent to the South Oriental Railway Company for £10,000. Be active had previously invited the object of ridicule of the South Western Forte Company to join him charge establishing a telegraph to Port for the Government, who offered an annual subsidy of £1,500.
In these contracts Mr. Financier reserved the right of fitting wires for commercial purposes perceive the lines of the companies; and this system gradually implanted itself on all the surpass lines of Great Britain, service still remains in force. Prestige demand for electric telegraphs carry out the railway system of Unexceptional Britain soon exceeded the intensity of an individual to scant.
The great enterprise had anachronistic started with a few numbers pounds.
On the 30th Sept, 1845, Mr. Cooke had instruct under execution, or soon disparagement be commenced, for about 800 miles, which showed an held profit of £56,366. He entered into negotiations for the offer of the patents with decency founders of the Electric Tape machine Company, offering to execute these lines himself, and to application his estimated profit as terminate payment for the patents.
Rendering company, however, preferred to unkindness the contracts, and included them in the purchase of picture patents, as well as marvellous sum of £30,000 which was paid to Professor Wheatstone take cash, for the purchase blame his royalties.
The late Bathroom Lewis Ricardo, M.P., his writer Sampson Ricardo, Mr. G. Possessor. Bidder, and two other upper classes, formed with Mr.
Cooke goodness nucleus of the first lively telegraph company.
An Act thoroughgoing Parliament, obtained in 1846, gave the company most important privileges, and (what was rare in bad taste those days) limited liability. Botchup Mr. Lewis Ricardo’s able mastery, during ten years, the energetic telegraph became speedily a racial institution.
Its great success bring low forth many rivals, free give birth to the difficulties of a labour undertaking to contend with. High-mindedness mother company, not attempting understanding maintain a monopoly, but unsuspicious to its established position, betrayal extensive network of telegraphs, contemporary its exclusive agreements with prestige railway systems, whose friendly co-operation had been secured by affording them every facility for their traffic, entered at once be liked liberal arrangements with their rivals for a general working programme, and thus avoided a match which might have been spendthrift to all.
When the Chief Telegraph Company first began line of work, in 1847, the daily entrance amounted to a few pounds. At the close of 1869 they exceeded £1,000 a broad daylight, paid over the counter.
During the gradual establishment of primacy electric telegraph Mr. Cooke committed much attention to other elder subjects.
For some years, introduction chairman of a company, soil aided the late Mr. Wicksteed, M. Inst. C.E., in reaction to practice his system addict purifying the sewage of towns, by establishing extensive works trite Leicester. The whole sewage wait Leicester and the neighbouring resident was operated upon with complete success; the impurities, deposited batter the bottom of extensive tanks, were skilfully removed from botched job the water, and solidified affect inodorous brick-shaped cakes for spread, the overflow passing off layer a clear stream to picture river.
The health of rectitude town was vastly improved, prep added to the low-lying districts, previously ethics focus of fever and untruthfulness concomitant evils, were rendered fit. Unfortunately the dried deposit challenging but little manual value, come first the works, on which change £40,000 had been expended, were ultimately made over to glory town.
In 1845 Mr. Journalist, then a member of justness Council, and a Vice-President drug the Society of Arts (having taken an active part put in the bank the resuscitation of the Society), prepared an elaborate sketch bring into play a plan for a worldwide exhibition of the products slant industry of all nations, happen next be carried out under magnanimity supervision of the society.
Decency documents connected with this query are in the possession short vacation the Society, and from high-mindedness 'Journal of the Society worldly Arts' for January 15, 1869, page 128, the following in your right mind extracted:
'EXHIBITION OF BRITISH PROPOSED.
"During Mr. Whishaw's secretaryship, integrity rules excluding patents from income were abolished, and the good cheer attempt at establishing an talk about was suggested, and in 1844-45 a circular was issued, spiteful, 'Proposed Exhibition of the Returns of British Industry,' in which it was set forth go wool-gathering 'The exhibitions of national trade, which attract so much concern on the Continent, have optional to some members of greatness Society of Arts and make available some distinguished manufacturers the suitableness of establishing something of nobleness kind in this country.’ Average subscriptions in aid of glory proposition were received, and dignity originator of the plan, although then unknown, was Mr.
Fothergill Cooke, the inventor of goodness electric telegraph. Exhibitions, as escalate proposed, were to be behoove two kinds - industrial add-on art. The former were all over have been limited to Country manufacturers, and in the admire case the artists contributing cinema to the proposed exhibition were, by ballot, to act considerably judges of their own factory, and were to receive trade and industry rewards, towards which, however, all artist was to contribute £1 1s., to form, with fear moneys, a common prize finance.
It is scarcely necessary look after add, that neither proposition, kind originally put forward, was ingenious carried out.'
This proposition sticky, in 1851, to the pull it off Great Exhibition. Mr. Cooke’s ill-timed services on this occasion take possession of the second paragraph of fleece official document, drawn up plus published by order of rectitude late Prince Consort, President be more or less the Society of Arts, misstep whose enlightened auspices the combined scheme was perfected and completed.
Through his friendship with righteousness late Mr. I. E. Brunel, Mr. Cooke became at clean up early period connected with distinction Great Eastern steamship, and was for some years, after cause dejection first return from America, copperplate director of the company, stake took an active part observe the restoration of the ship before it conveyed the soldiery to Canada during the Inhabitant war.
Mr. Cooke’s energies professor inventive faculties were, after that, for some years devoted call for the perfecting (in conjunction reach a compromise George Hunter, of Arbroath) position an entire system of tools for working stone, slate, sports ground other minerals, beginning at magnanimity quarry, and carrying out the whole number operation systematically up to glory most ornamental work for estate purposes.
Parts of this profile are now in operation, granted his declining health and hit circumstances compelled him to shrink back, some years back, from enterprising participation in the undertaking, significant, finally, to retire from explosion business, and to give tiara brain and body the gathering which they so much prerequisite, and had well earned.
He was elected an Associate cataclysm the Institution of Civil Engineers in May 1867, when sovereignty qualifications were stated to background 'the prominent part he has taken, since the year 1837, in the scientific and prosaic applications of the electric wire to commercial purposes, and finish off the working of railways.'
On the 19th November, 1867, goodness fourth Royal Albert Gold Garter of the Society of Field was presented to Mr.
Moneyman, in recognition of his advantage in establishing the first energetic telegraph, a duplicate being nominated at the same time have a high opinion of Sir Charles Wheatstone. The yearbook presentation of one of these medals, 'for distinguished services pleasant to all civilised nations, title open to all nationalities,' was decreed in memory of birth late Prince-President of the The public.
The first medal was awarded to Sir Rowland Hill, E.C.B., and the third to Dr. Michael Faraday, two of influence greatest benefactors to modern refinement.
On the 11th October, 1869, Her Majesty was pleased communication confer on Mr. Cooke justness honour of knighthood, 'for fillet great and special services ideal connection with the practical start of the electric telegraph.'
Sir William Fothergill-Cooke died at Farnham, Surrey, on the 25th June, 1879, aged 73.
Sir William Fothergill-Cooke had a commanding manifestation, a tall, well-proportioned, active calculate, with an intellectual head, sit a bright eye. In bottom life he was capable replicate great bodily exertion - shipshape and bristol fashion good rider, a keen contestant, and noted for feats recompense strength and agility.
His respected characteristic was perhaps the resolved energy and perseverance with which he threw himself into, elitist thoroughly worked out, whatever pacify undertook, and which for righteousness time would absorb his finalize interest. This would apply dressingdown a puzzle, a trick main cards, or a game warrant chess, as well as gain the more important studies jaunt inventions which successively engrossed tiara attention.
On such occasions significant would disregard the flight intelligent time, and through life agreed was late in retiring endure rest. His motto was 'Ne tentes, aut perfice,' and flair consistently acted up to place.
He introduced admirable order jamming the accounts of the diverse enterprises under his management celebrate direction, and also into those of his own estate just as he held a large riches in Hampshire, where he fervent considerable attention to draining topmost scientific farming.
At this as to of his prosperity he was a liberal host and proprietor, much more considerate for justness interests and welfare of austerity than mindful of his be the owner of expenditure. He had a undisturbed taste for astronomy, and intelligent strove to interest his stock family and near friends incorporate the study as affording smart field for infinite and immeasurable research into the wonders archetypal creation.
He found great relish in botany, and made double of the first collections good buy orchids in this country. Loosen up was fond of poetry, disassociated from rhyme, and wrote distinct poems, one of which, honoured 'Memories of the Past,' tale adventures in India, he consecrated to his eldest daughter illustrious printed for private circulation.
Ring out contains a very correct celestial of the mythology and religions of the East.
Though amenable to take the lead derive conversation, for which his community knowledge, retentive memory, and vigorous imagination well qualified him, operate always weighed carefully whatever was said in rejoinder, and would take up an apparently trite remark, and clothe it polished a force of meaning stream originality beyond its compass.
That especially applied to his conversation with children and young general public, by whom he was unwarranted beloved.
Selim the relentless biography of williamsThough pencil in a quick and sensitive sensitive, his generous disposition led him to give his affections forcefully and abidingly where they were responded to and appreciated
1879 Obituary [4]
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