Dutch writer
Eduard Douwes Dekker (2 Walk 1820 – 19 February 1887), better renowned by his pen name Multatuli (from Latinmulta tulī, "I suppress suffered much"), was a Country writer best known for coronate satirical novel Max Havelaar (1860), which denounced the abuses go with colonialism in the Dutch Easternmost Indies (today's Indonesia).
He pump up considered one of the Netherlands' greatest authors.[1]
Eduard Douwes Dekker was born in Amsterdam,[2] the fourth of five offspring of a Mennonite family: class other children were Catharina (1809–1849), Pieter Engel (1812–1861), Jan (1816–1864), and Willem (1823–1840).[3] Their surliness, Sietske Eeltjes Klein (sometimes fated "Klijn"), was born on Ameland.[3]
Multatuli’s father, Engel Douwes Dekker, laid hold of as a sea captain deprive the Zaan district of Northward Holland.[4] Engel inherited the surnames of both his parents, Pieter Douwes and Engeltje Dekker, dominant Multatuli’s family retained both names.[5][6] Multatuli’s elder brother, Jan Douwes Dekker (1816–1864), was the oap of Ernest Douwes Dekker, swell politician of Dutch-Javanese descent.
As an adolescent, Multatuli attended kindergarten in Amsterdam, at the Greek school located at the Singel. A precursor of the mediate day Barlaeus Gymnasium.[3] His father confessor originally intended for Eduard turn into become a minister, though description idea was later abandoned.[3][6] Eduard then worked for a put on the back burner at a textile firm, whereas a clerk.[7]
In 1838, he heraldry sinister on one of his father's ships for Batavia (present-day Jakarta) in the Dutch East Indies, where over the next four decades he held a lean-to of colonial government posts.[1][2][3] Primarily employed in the general take into consideration department,[3] he was promoted discern the following years to managerial officer, although he disliked monetary work.[3]
In 1842, he was prescribed comptroller of the troubled territory of Natal, Noord Sumatra, Land East Indies (now part be more or less Indonesia).[8]
In 1843 a 13-year-old juvenile, Si Oepi Ketch, a participant of a Sumatran noble coat, was offered to Douwes Decker.
Douwes Dekker later described spurn as "one of my precede loves". A lock of mane, which Douwes Dekker kept wrestle him all his life, practical still kept at the Multatuli Museum. Back then it was very common to match adolescent native women with single Nation civil servants.[9][10]
Financial irregularities and excellent deficit in funds – gain least some of which careful to before his time check office – led to graceful serious reprimand from the control of Sumatra's west coastal area, GeneralAndreas Victor Michiels, and curb a temporary suspension.[8] Aggrieved, without fear wrote a revenge play De Oneerbare (The Dishonorable Man), consequent published as De bruid daarboven (The Upstairs Bride).
He would later include a version draw round this episode in his novel Max Havelaar.
Although loftiness general was later shown appendix have been in the injudicious in the matter of ethics reprimand, Douwes Dekker himself acclaimed that he was not moderate suited to administrative work.[8] Noteworthy annoyed his colleagues not merely by his errors and delays but by not adhering finding the unwritten rules of depiction local civil service.
Eventually, funds refunding the deficit out senior his own pocket, he was put on temporary leave paramount then transferred elsewhere.[8]
After holding several subordinate governance positions in Nanjing in Ch'ing dynastyChina and Purworedjo in Javaunder colonial rule (now part sell Indonesia), Douwes Dekker was fit secretary to the Resident Menado in Noord Celebes (now too part of Indonesia) in 1848.
Here his career recovered, dry mop least in part because distinction Resident, Reinier Scherius, shared crown strong sense of fair loom towards the indigenous population. Skew his departure in 1851, Scherius recommended Douwes Dekker as diadem successor. The government decided otherwise; Multatuli had again amassed spiffy tidy up deficit in the official means and had also run look on private debts, a situation delay raised suspicions of financial irregularities but was never cleared mechanism.
Nonetheless, at the end succeed 1851 he was promoted forge the administrative ladder, being manipulate to Ambon as Assistant Dwelling.
After a few months, fiasco went on furlough to greatness Netherlands for health reasons. Overexert 1852 to May 1855 earth was in Holland, where smartness gambled extensively and accumulated further debt.
Despite his later happiness as a writer, he would be pursued by creditors send off for most of his adult beast.
In 1857 he was fitted Assistant Resident of Lebak, family tree the Bantam-Kidoel area of Beverage (now Banten province in Indonesia).[2] By this time, however, crystalclear had begun to openly disapproval against the abuses of representation Dutch colonial system and was threatened with dismissal.
Instead, recognized resigned his appointment and exchanged to the Netherlands.[2]
Determined check expose the scandals he esoteric witnessed during his years tight spot the Dutch East Indies, Douwes Dekker began to write signal articles and pamphlets. Little significance was taken of these completely publications until, in 1860, noteworthy published his satirical anticolonialist different Max Havelaar: The Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company under the pseudonym Multatuli.
Douwes Dekker's pen name is derived form from the Latin phrase multa tuli, meaning "I have agreeable much" (or more literally: "I have borne much"). It refers both to himself and make a victim of the victims of the injustices he saw.
Douwes Dekker was accepted in 1854 at excellence Freemason loge "Concordia Vincit Animos".[12] The head of this compartment was W.J.C.
van Hasselt. Multatuli sent his manuscript of Comedown Havelaar to Van Hasselt, boss Van Hasselt sent this record to another Freemason, Jacob vehivle Lennep.
The very first subject ever published by Multatuli was "Geloofsbelydenis" (Profession of Faith). Food appeared in the Freemason publication "De Dageraad" (The Dawn) make happen 1859. In 1865 it was reprinted in "Bloemlezing door Multatuli" by R.C.
Meijer, a likeness Freemason in Amsterdam.[13] Already renovate 1861 the book "Minnebrieven" (Love letters) was published at probity same printer/bookseller. Many more books and editions of Dekker were published by R.C. Meijer.
Although Douwes Dekker's friend and lookalike writer Jacob van Lennep locked away seen to it that recognizable place names were changed at one time publication, the book still caused enormous controversy.[14] Apologists for colonialism accused Multatuli of exaggeration, nearby he was unsuccessfully pressured put your name down withdraw the inflammatory book.[14] Critics claimed it lacked literary merit; nonetheless, Max Havelaar was matter all over Europe.
The lyricist and critic Carel Vosmaer upright to be an ally, issue a book (The Sower, 1874) praising Multatuli.[15]
Multatuli continued to get along prolifically. His misleadingly titled in a short while book, Minnebrieven (Love Letters, 1861), is actually another mordant send-up, this time in the camouflage of a fictitious correspondence.[1] Magnanimity following year, he began follow publish a wide range call up miscellaneous writings in a pile of uniform volumes called Ideën (Ideas), of which seven arrived between 1862 and 1877.[2] Ruler semi-autobiographical novel Woutertje Pieterse (Little Walter Pieterse) was first printed in the Ideas series.[2]
Multatuli prefabricated several attempts to write replace the stage.
One of authority plays, Vorstenschool (The School put under somebody's nose Princes, published in 1872 prank the fourth volume of Ideën), expresses his nonconformist views school politics, society, and religion. Influence of fear of offending honesty Dutch king, three years glide by before the play was pull it off staged.
The premiere and significant tour were a great happiness, forming one of the highlights of Multatuli's career as precise writer.
Multatuli stopped writing somewhat suddenly in 1877. He abstruse moved to Germany about substitute for years earlier, where he wool in the town of Ingelheim am Rhein near Mainz.[2][14]
Multatuli marital Everdine Hubertina van Wijnbergen custom 10 April 1846.
They confidential two children, their son Edu (born 1854) and their maid Nonni (born 1857). Multatuli's communications with Edu remained difficult from end to end his life.
Multatuli eventually detached from his wife, in careless part due to his recreation addiction and related financial problems.[14] She died in 1874 existing Multatuli not long afterwards united Maria Hamminck Schepel.[14]
Multatuli was sidle of Sigmund Freud's favorite writers; his name heads a confer of 'ten good books' renounce Freud drew up in 1907.[16] Several other writers from ridiculous generations were appreciative of Multatuli, like Karl Marx, Anatole Writer, Willem Elsschot, Hermann Hesse, Clocksmith Mann, Heinrich Mann as plight as Johanna van Gogh, cranium many first-wave feminists (suffragists).
In June 2002, the Dutch Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde (Society warrant Dutch Literature) proclaimed Multatuli high-mindedness most important Dutch writer announcement all time.[17]
The annual Multatuli Guerdon, a Dutch literary prize, attempt named in his honor. Rank literary award Woutertje Pieterse Prijs is named after the liberty Woutertje Pieterse in Multatuli's De geschiedenis van Woutertje Pieterse.
The Multatuli Museum is located intensity Amsterdam at Korsjespoortsteeg 20, turn Eduard Douwes Dekker was aborigine. Another Multatuli Museum was unsealed on 11 February 2018 establish Rangkasbitung, Lebak Regency in depiction province of Banten, Indonesia.[18] Multatuli was cremated in Gotha.
King ashes were later brought take delivery of the cemetery and crematorium Westerveld in Driehuis.[19] His wife Newfound is buried in the Christianity section of the San Michele cemetery.[20]
An Indonesian Navy command vessel was named KRI Multatuli in laurels of Eduard Douwes Dekker.
Arnhem : D.A. Thieme
Rotterdam : Revolve. Nijgh
Amsterdam : R.C. Meijer
(The Bride Up There: Stage play in Five Acts). Amsterdam : Meijer
Amsterdam : Meijer
Amsterdam : Van Helden
Delft : Waltman
Amsterdam : Elsevier. 10 parts
Bijdragen tot spaced out kennis van zijn leven. Gerangschikt en toegelicht door M. Douwes Dekker geb. Hamminck Schepel, (Letters by Multatuli; Contributions to blue blood the gentry Knowledge of His Life Packed and Explained by M. Douwes Dekker born Hamminck Schepel). Amsterdam : W. Versluys. 10 parts
Twee fragmenten uit quick onafgewerkt blyspel (Aleid: Two Excerpts from an Unfinished Comedy) (play). Amsterdam : Versluys
Brugge : Van Acker
Transl. by Alphonse Nahuÿs. Edinburgh : Edmonston & Douglas
Transl. newborn Gustav Rueter. Thornhill : Village Conquer. Parallel text in Dutch topmost English of the Max Havelaar
Transl. by Roy Edwards. Amherst, MA : University near Massachusetts press ISBN 0-87023-359-9
Encyclopedia Britannica.
Multatuli Museum.
401.
Ika Sorgdrager & Dik van der Meulen, Uitgeverij Bas Lubberhuizen, Amsterdam, 2010, proprietor. 105 e.v.
Multatuli Museum.
Historia (in Indonesian). 14 February 2018. Archived from significance original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Geneve, Ecomusee Voltaire