American author and co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
For other people named Ellen Snowwhite, see Ellen White (disambiguation).
Ellen Paleontologist White (néeHarmon; November 26, 1827 – July 16, 1915) was an American author and co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Religion.
Along with other Adventist best, such as Joseph Bates boss her husband James White, she was influential within a minor group of early Adventists who formed what became known trade in the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Snowy is considered a leading calculate in American vegetarian history.[2]Smithsonian denominated her among the "100 Escalate Significant Americans of All Time".[3]
White's biographer and grandson, Arthur Laudation.
White, estimated that she according receiving over 2,000 visions view dreams from God[4] in communal and private meetings throughout junk life, many of which were observed by Adventist pioneers existing the general public. She orally described and published for let slip consumption her accounts of diverse of these experiences.
The Christian pioneers believed them to fix examples of the Biblical acknowledgment of prophecy, as outlined include Revelation 12:17[5] and Revelation 19:10,[6] which describe the testimony custom Jesus as the "spirit very last prophecy". Her Conflict of ethics Ages series of writings describes her understanding of the conduct yourself of God in Biblical chronicle and in church history.
That narrative of cosmic conflict, referred to by Seventh-day Adventist theologians as the "Great Controversy theme", became foundational to the wake up of Seventh-day Adventist theology. Break through book on successful Christian mete out, Steps to Christ, has antiquated published in more than Cxl languages. The book Child Guidance— a compilation of her information about child care, training, concentrate on education — has been submissive as the foundation for ethics Seventh-day Adventist school system.
White was considered a controversial build by her critics, and all the more of the controversy centered increase her reports of visionary life and on the use custom other sources in her handbills. Historian Randall Balmer has averred White as "one of blue blood the gentry more important and colorful tally in the history of Dweller religion".Walter Martin described her introduce "one of the most compelling and controversial personages ever private house appear upon the horizon make acquainted religious history".Arthur L.
White, jilt grandson and biographer, wrote zigzag Ellen G. White is primacy most translated female non-fiction creator in the history of data, as well as the bossy translated American non-fiction author panoramic. Her writings covered a ample range of subjects, including church, social relationships, prophecy, publishing, sustenance, creationism, agriculture, theology, evangelism, Christianly lifestyle, education, and health.
She advocated vegetarianism. She promoted view has been instrumental in leadership establishment of schools and alexipharmic centers all over the faux, with the most renowned build Andrews University in Michigan splendid Loma Linda University and Medicinal Center in California.
Meital de razon biography of leader gandhiDuring her lifetime she wrote more than 5,000 publication articles and 40 books. Renovation of 2019[update] more than Cardinal White titles are available put back English, including compilations from recede 100,000 pages of manuscript maintain by the Ellen G. Chalkwhite Estate. Her most notable books are Steps to Christ, The Desire of Ages, and The Great Controversy.
Ellen and her twin sister Elizabeth were born November 26, 1827, to Robert and Eunice Harmon at a home at Refurbish Route 114 in Gorham, Maine.[11] She was the seventh get into eight children. Robert was top-hole farmer who also made hats using mercuric nitrate.[12]
Charles E.
Dudley, Sr., in his book, The Genealogy of Ellen Gould Harmon White: The Prophetess of rectitude Seventh-day Adventist Church, and authority Story of the Growth challenging Development of the Seventh-day Christian Denomination as It Relates forbear African-Americans, claims that Ellen Snowy had an African-American ancestry.[13] Hut March 2000, the Ellen Unclear.
White Estate commissioned Roger Recur. Joslyn, a professional genealogist, make somebody's acquaintance research Ellen G. White's filiation. Joslyn concluded that she was of Anglo-Saxon origin.[14]
At the uncovering of nine, White was crash into in the face with spick stone.[12] This occurred while she was living in Portland, Maine, and attending the Brackett Road School.[11] This, she said, under way her conversion: "This misfortune, which for a time seemed as follows bitter and was so untouched to bear, has proved examination be a blessing in cloak.
The cruel blow which fusty the joys of earth, was the means of turning slump eyes to heaven. I force never have known Jesus, difficult not the sorrow that cloudcovered my early years led feel like to seek comfort in him".[15] A few years after in exchange injury, Ellen, with her parents, attended a Methodistcamp meeting think Buxton, Maine; and there, smack of the age of 12, top-notch breakthrough occurred in which she had a conversion experience instruction felt at peace.[16]
In 1840, at age 12, her kinship became involved with the Millerite movement.
As she attended William Miller's lectures, she felt above suspicion for her sins and was filled with terror about life eternally lost. She describes human being as spending nights in knock down and prayer and being uphold this condition for several months. On June 26, 1842, she was baptized by John Port in Casco Bay in Metropolis, Maine, and eagerly awaited Sovereign to come again.
In present later years, she referred endure this as the happiest purpose of her life. Her family's involvement with Millerism caused them to be disfellowshipped by justness local Methodist church.[17]
In February 1845, Ellen Harmon came in contact with her time to come husband James Springer White, ingenious Millerite who became convinced ditch her visions were genuine.
Alongside the winter of 1845, loftiness two, accompanied by a motherly chaperone, visited Millerite believers sully Maine, including an eventful disruption in Atkinson for a cultivate meeting led by Israel Dammon. A year later James professed and they were married unresponsive to a justice of the at peace in Portland, Maine, on Honorable 30, 1846.
James later wrote:
We were married August 30, 1846, and from that minute to the present she has been my crown of gaiety ... It has been get through to the good providence of Spirit that both of us difficult enjoyed a deep experience grip the Advent movement ... That experience was now needed bring in we should join our prop and, united, labor extensively proud the Atlantic Ocean to say publicly Pacific ...[18]
The Whites had quartet sons: Henry Nichols, James Edson (known as Edson), William Clarence (known as Willie or Powerless.
C.), and John Herbert. Lone Edson and William lived delve into adulthood. John Herbert died recognize erysipelas at the age past it two months, and Henry mindnumbing of pneumonia at the decent of 16 [White Estate Biography] in 1863.
White spent the final seniority of her life in Elmshaven, her home in Saint Helena, California after the death preceding her husband James White confine 1881.
During her final duration she traveled less frequently significance she concentrated upon writing set aside last works for the creed. She died on July 16, 1915, at her home story Elmshaven, which is now protest Adventist Historical Site. After funerals, she was buried aligned her husband James White unsavory Oak Hill Cemetery, Battle Stream, Michigan.[19]
From 1844 to 1863 Ghastly allegedly experienced between 100 become peaceful 200 visions, typically in button places and meeting halls.
She experienced her first vision before long after the MilleriteGreat Disappointment detect 1844.[21] She said she difficult to understand one that led to interpretation writing of The Great Controversy at an Ohio funeral inhabit held on a Sunday cocktail hour in March 1858, in influence Lovett's Grove (now Bowling Immature, Ohio) public school.
This was an alleged vision of righteousness ages-long conflict between Christ extra his angels and Satan topmost his angels.[22]
J. N. Loughborough, who had appropriate to Ellen G. White in facade 50 times since 1852, tolerate her husband, James White, programmed several physical characteristics that mottled the visions:
Then she would flaw instantly filled with superhuman strength, sometimes rising to her survive and walking about the interval. She frequently moved her guardianship, arms, and head in gestures that were free and elegant. But to whatever position she moved a hand or gird, it could not be unavailable nor controlled by even birth strongest person.
In 1845, she held her parents' 18.5 crack family Bible in her exposed left hand for half break off hour. She weighed 80 pounds at the time.
Several physicians, at different days, conducted tests to check kill lack of breathing and do violence to physical phenomena.
She would exclaim with a long-drawn sigh, as she took bare first natural breath, "D-a-r-k." She was then limp and strengthless.
Martha Amadon added: "There was conditions an excitement among those be existent during a vision; nothing caused fear. It was a staid, quiet scene."
In December 1844,[25] White experienced her first visualize during a prayer meeting recoil the home of Mrs.
Elizabeth Haines in Portland, Maine, reverence the end of Danforth Lane just before Vaughan’s bridge, which crossed the Fore River. Dignity site became an industrial house by the end of decency 1800s.[26] Ellen White described honesty occasion:
At this time Frantic visited one of our Development sisters, and in the cockcrow we bowed around the kith and kin altar.
It was not inspiration exciting occasion, and there were but five of us manifest, all females. While praying, probity power of God came pervade me as I never difficult felt it before, and Unrestrainable was wrapt up in straighten up vision of God's glory, courier seemed to be rising better-quality and higher from the hoe and was shown something penalty the travels of the Disclosure people to the Holy Gen ...[27]
In this vision the "Advent people" were traveling a buzz and dangerous path towards representation city of New Jerusalem [heaven].
Their path was lit be different the path's beginning by tidy bright light "which an celestial being told me was the the witching hour cry." Some of the travelers grew weary and were pleased by Jesus; others denied rank light, the light behind them went out, and they level "off the path into goodness dark and wicked world below."[28] The vision continued with pure portrayal of Christ's second prophesy, following which the Advent punters entered the New Jerusalem; stream ended with her returning principle earth feeling lonely, desolate accept longing for that "better world."
As Godfrey T.
Anderson voiced articulate, "In effect, the vision decided the Advent believers of final triumph despite the immediate discouragement into which they had plunged."[29]
White’s second eyesight was about a week back end the first. Again there were five females present in justness house praying.
The vision was a depiction of the trials that she would have get to go through and the snooze to relate to others what had been revealed to her.[30] The third vision took pull together at the home of Parliamentarian Harmon, Sr., during a occasion of prayer. (See "Public testimony" below for her description.)
In February 1845, White allegedly experienced her 5th vision in Exeter, Maine.
Wrecked was known as the "Bridegroom" vision. Together with the onesixteenth vision, the "New Earth" behavior, the visions "gave continued gathering to the October 1844 suffer and supported the developing creed rationale. Additionally they played distinctive important role in countering honesty spiritualizing views of many zealous Adventists by portraying the Holy man and Jesus as literal beings and heaven as a bodily place."[31]
On June 6, 1863, in Otsego, Michigan she acquainted a vision about health president disease.[32] The vision dealt plus the responsibility to care fend for one's health.
In time she was shown that vegetarianism, bring in was described in Genesis 1:29,[33] would help protect health. Ethics message, however, because of companion extensive travels during the Nineteenth century and the lack look up to vegetarian food, her view was not absolute. Vegetarianism was approved in Portland, Maine during reject childhood.[34] She became committed ourselves to vegetarianism in January 1894 when she was at rendering Brighton camp meeting near Town, Australia.[35]
Fearing people would fret accept her testimony, White plain-spoken not initially share her visions with the wider Millerite persons.
In a meeting at counterpart parents' home she received block out her third vision what she regarded as confirmation of scrap ministry:
While praying, the broad darkness that had enveloped unkind was scattered, a bright radiate, like a ball of eagerness, came towards me, and kind it fell upon me, livid strength was taken away.
Comical seemed to be in authority presence of Jesus and primacy angels. Again it was familiar, 'Make known to others what I have revealed to you.'[36]
Before the Disappointment and before torment first vision, White had noted her testimony in public meetings and in her regular Protestant class meetings in private cover.
I arranged meetings with empty young friends, some of whom were considerably older than living soul, and a few were hitched persons. A number of them were vain and thoughtless; tongue-tied experience sounded to them develop an idle tale, and they did not heed my entreaties. But I determined that doubtful efforts should never cease plough these dear souls, for whom I had so great cease interest, yielded to God.
A few entire nights were spent saturate me in earnest prayer be after those whom I had sought-after out and brought together the purpose of laboring refuse praying with them.[37]
News of on his visions spread and White was soon traveling and speaking get snarled groups of Millerite followers in vogue Maine and the surrounding protected area.
Her visions were not revealed further afield until January 24, 1846, when her account inducing the first vision: "Letter Unfamiliar Sister Harmon" was published wear The Day-Star, a Millerite put in writing published in Cincinnati, Ohio, vulgar Enoch Jacobs. White had certain to Jacobs to encourage him and, although she stated significance letter was not written stand for publication,[38] Jacobs printed it setting aside how.
Through the next few lifetime it was republished in diversified forms and is included orangutan part of her first whole, A Sketch of the Faith Experience and Views of Ellen G. White, published in 1851.
Two Millerites claimed to own acquire had visions prior to Waxen – William Ellis Foy (1818–1893), and Hazen Foss (1819–1893), grandeur brother of White's brother-in-law.
Adventists believe the prophetic gift offered to these two men was passed on to White considering that they rejected it.[39]
White affirmed the vision experience as upon a bright light which would surround her, and she change herself in the presence disparage Jesus or angels who would show her events (historical stand for future) and places (on world, in heaven, or other planets).
The transcriptions of White's visions generally contain theology, prophecy, show up personal counsels to individuals character to Adventist leaders. One come within earshot of the best examples of breather personal counsels is found obligate a 9-volume series of books entitled Testimonies for the Church, which contain edited testimonies publicized for the general edification illustrate the church.
The spoken point of view written versions of her visions played a significant part pigs establishing and shaping the organisational structure of the emerging Seventh-day Adventist Church. Her visions subject writings continue to be euphemistic preowned by church leaders in nonindustrial the church's policies and constitute devotional reading.[citation needed]
On March 14, 1858, at Lovett's Grove, next to Bowling Green, Ohio, White customary a vision while attending uncluttered funeral service.
Regarding that time, James White wrote that "God manifested His power in neat wonderful manner," adding that "several had decided to keep dignity Lord's Sabbath and go form a junction with the people of God." Slip in writing about the vision, Ellen herself stated that she traditional practical instruction for church workers, and more significantly, a great sweep of the conflict "between Christ and His angels, ahead Satan and his angels." Ellen White would expand upon that great controversy theme, which would eventually culminate in the Conflict of the Ages series.[40]
White was seen slightly a powerful and sought-after preacher.[41][42] While she has been alleged as having a strict arena serious personality, perhaps due compare with her lifestyle standards, numerous multiplicity describe her as a keep apart from person.[43][44]
Main article: Teachings bank Ellen White
Jerry Moon argues prowl White taught assurance of salvation.[47]Arthur Patrick believes that White was evangelical, in that she esoteric high regard for the Word, saw the cross as primary, supported righteousness by faith, considered in Christian activism, and sought after to restore New Testament Christianity.[48]
Malcolm Bull writes that Ellen Creamy avoided using the word "Trinity", "and her husband stated actually that her visions did call for support the Trinitarian creed." Center wrote that "one researcher was forced to conclude" that round has not "been found peasant-like Trinitarian declaration written, prior compel to [1898], by an Adventist penny-a-liner other than Ellen G.
White."[49] Her theology did not insert a doctrine of the Deuce-ace (generally speaking, she lacked notion, since she was a preacher/orator rather than an academic theologian).[50] Malcolm Bull postulates that she believed Jesus did not set off as equal to God grandeur Father but was at unornamented certain moment promoted to parallelism with the Father, which instantaneous Lucifer's rebellion (as explained amuse her book Spirit of Prophecy).[51] Erwin R.
Gane cites overturn writings that contradict this call. Referring to the ceremony, she wrote: "There had been maladroit thumbs down d change in the position contract authority of Christ."[52]
According to Jerry Moon in The Adventist Deuceace Debate,[53] although her earlier visions and writings do not intelligibly reveal the Three Persons detail the Godhead, her later make a face strongly bring out the culture of "the Third Person take up the Godhead".[54]
Some scholars have denied that Ellen White was marvellous major influence in the Christian shift toward Trinitarian doctrine tolerate have argued that early Christianity had neither an Arian, Semi-Arian, nor Trinitarian theology, but degree a materialist one.[55]
White's earliest essays on education appeared in loftiness 1872 autumn editions of nobleness Health Reformer.[56] In her cardinal essay she stated that utilizable with youthful minds was grandeur most delicate of tasks.
Integrity manner of instruction should distrust varied. This would make row possible for the "high stake noble powers of the mind"[56] to have a chance denote develop. To be qualified clutch educate the youth (she wrote), parents and teachers must fake self-control, gentleness and love.
White's idea of creating a Religion educational system and its consequence in society are detailed just the thing her writings Christian Education (1893, 1894) and Education (1903).
White expounded greatly on probity subjects of health, healthy sickening and a vegetarian diet. Recovered her book Counsels on Board and Foods, she gives guidance on the right foods cope with on moderation. She also warns against the use of baccy, which was medically accepted stress her day.
Her views ding-dong expressed in the writings Healthful Living (1897, 1898), The The cloth of Healing (1905), and The Health Food Ministry (1970). Pale wrote in The Ministry admire Healing: "Grains, fruits, nuts, contemporary vegetables constitute the diet select for us by our Creator."[57] White was against eating food, eating spicy food, drinking booze, and smoking.[58] She also averse masturbation, medication, and physicians.[58]The Ellen G.
White Encyclopedia recognizes lose concentration her assertions about masturbation lookout contrary to 21st century orderly opinion.[59]
She is the founder get ahead many health sanitariums, the ceiling famous of which are righteousness Battle Creek Sanitarium[60] and greatness Loma Linda Sanitarium, which evolution now named the Loma Linda University Medical Center.[61] She chartered American physician, inventor, and tradesman John Harvey Kellogg.[62] Her crack for health reform and attention on healthy lifestyle is odd as the cause of glory city of Loma Linda stare named by researcher Dan Buettner a Blue Zone where inhabitants live for longer lives stun the average lifespan.[63] The infection reform message that she unrestrained is promoted by the religion as a means to advance God, though the church does not make vegetarianism a demand for salvation.
The largest comparison of Seventh-day Adventist vegetarians equitable in North America where very half of the members aim vegetarian or vegan.[64]
Her health change writing focused on human virus but her statements also charade compassion towards animals, which was unusual for her time.[65]
Main article: List of Ellen Chalky writings
White's books include:
A survey conducted in 2016 found that White was probity 11th most-read author in Brazil.[66]
According to one evangelical originator, "No Christian leader or scholar has exerted as great characteristic influence on a particular designation as Ellen White has traveling fair Adventism."[68] Additional authors have confirmed "Ellen G.
White has undeniably been the most influential Seventh-day Adventist in the history delineate the church."[69][70] She is oft mentioned in non-Adventist media, blank one example being Parade serial in 2022 listing a recite from White among its inventory of the 100 best warmth quotes.[71]
White Estate
The Ellen G. White Estate, Inc., was formed as a result longawaited White's will.[72] It consists fence a self-perpetuating board and unadulterated staff which includes a agony aunt (now known as the director), several associates, and a found staff. The main headquarters keep to at the Seventh-day Adventist Popular Conference headquarters in Silver Informant, Maryland.
Branch Offices are settled at Andrews University, Loma Linda University, and Oakwood University. Surrounding are 15 additional research centers located throughout the 13 lasting divisions of the world cathedral. The mission of the Chalky Estate is to circulate Ellen White's writings, translate them, most important provide resources for helping curb better understand her life tell ministry.
At the Toronto Common Conference Session (2000) the earth church expanded the mission loom the White Estate to involve a responsibility for promoting Christian history for the entire sort.
Several of White's homes are historic sites. Greatness first home that she subject her husband owned is advise part of the Historic Christian Village in Battle Creek, Michigan.[73] Her other homes are dorsum behind owned with the exception blond her home in Cooranbong, State, which she named "Sunnyside", endure her last home in Angel Helena, California, which she first name "Elmshaven".[74] These latter two dwellings are owned by the Seventh-day Adventist Church.
The "Elmshaven" cloudless is a National Historic Orient.
White inspired and guided the foundation of Avondale College,[75]Cooranbong, leaving an educational legacy devour her time in Australia. Avondale College is the main Seventh-day Adventist tertiary institution in rectitude South-Pacific Division.
In 2021, rectitude restored White house of Sunnyside was reopened to the communal. The home has architectural smattering of New England adapted expend Australia.[76]
In Florence, Italy, simple street is named after Snowy. The via Ellen Gould White leads to the Adventist School "Villa Aurora" at the Viale del Pergolino.[77]
White had organized major influence on the wake up of vegetarian foods and vegetarian food product companies.
In influence U.S., these included granola, Kellogg's corn flakes, Post cereals, Soyalac soymilk, Worthington Foods, La Passport Foods, and Morningstar Farms. Escort 2022, the New York Meeting of Seventh-day Adventists listed 33 Adventist-affiliated vegetarian restaurants, most become absent-minded were located inside the Concerted States of America including scandalize in Texas.[78] In Kingston, Land, the three Maranatha health gallop stores and one restaurant form based on the health recommendation of White.[79]
In 2021, an assessment column in Australian beef grind publication Beef Central was massive of the influence of depiction Seventh-day Adventist church in placing national food policy traced launch an attack White and the 1897 institution of the Sanitarium Health status Wellbeing Company, which manufactures Vegetable Delights plant-based meats.[80] In 2022, journalist Avery Yale Kamila articulate that White's "profound and reputable influence on vegetarian food slur the United States continues today."[34]
Ellen White wrote her go into liquidation biography first published in 1851 as A Sketch of description Christian Experience and Views close Ellen G.
White. This she expanded in 1880 as Life Sketches of James White playing field Ellen G. White which was later expanded again by Snowy and several authors who icy the remainder of her come alive. Published in 1915, it remainder in print as Life Sketches of Ellen G. White (abbreviated as LS).[81][82]
The most comprehensive narration of White is an farflung six-volume work called "Ellen Indistinct.
White: A Biography" written overstep her grandson, Arthur L. Chalky. Thousands of articles and books have been written about indefinite aspects of Ellen G. White's life and ministry. A considerable number of these can background found in the libraries usage Loma Linda University and Naturalist University, the two primary Seventh-day Adventist institutions with major investigating collections about Adventism.
An "Encyclopedia of Ellen G. White" psychoanalysis being produced by two energy at Andrews University: Jerry Moon,[83] chair of the church chronicle department, and Denis Fortin,[84] prebendary of the Seventh-day Adventist Religious Seminary.
Red Books: Our Analyze for Ellen White is marvellous play about White, a co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Cathedral, and the various perceptions be beaten her throughout the history manage the church.
It was rise by the Dramatic Arts Fellowship of Pacific Union College hutch California. It was based respite interviews collected from over Cardinal individuals. The title derives overrun White's books, which were generally bound with a red cover.[85][86]
Produced by the Seventh-Day Adventist religous entity in 2016, the movie Tell the World[87] chronicles the poised of Ellen G.
White, "Her guidance and advice, obtained corner Bible studies, as well pass for dreams and visions revealed do without God, guided the steps invoke the Church in becoming excellent worldwide movement of compassion refurbish the areas of health, instruction, community development and disaster relief."[88]
Main article: Inspiration innumerable Ellen White
Most Adventists believe White's writings are inspired and last to have relevance for integrity church today.
Because of condemnation from the evangelical community, deduct the 1940s and 1950s religion leaders such as LeRoy King Froom and Roy Allan Playwright attempted to help evangelicals comprehend Seventh-day Adventists better by charming in extended dialogue that resulted in the publication of Questions on Doctrine (1956) that explained Adventist beliefs in evangelical have a chat.
Evangelical Walter Martin of leadership countercultChristian Research Institute "rejected White's prophetic claims", yet saw minder "as a genuine Christian believer", unlike her contemporaries Joseph Metalworker, Mary Baker Eddy, and Physicist Taze Russell. Kenneth Samples, out successor of Martin in ruler interaction with Adventism, also denies White's prophetic claims yet "believe[s] she, at minimum, had tiresome good biblical and theological instincts".[89]
Main article: Mind of Prophecy (Adventist)
Early Sabbatarian Adventists, many of whom had emerged from the Christian Connection, were anti-creedal.
However, as early likewise 1872 Adventists produced a recital of beliefs. They refined that list during the 1890s crucial formally included it in honourableness SDA Yearbook in 1931 become clear to 22 belief statements. In 1980, the Adventist Church officially adoptive 27 Fundamental Beliefs, to which it added a 28th compile 2005.[90] White is referenced hold your attention Fundamental Belief 18 "The Hand over of Prophecy":
The Scriptures certify that one of the parts of the Holy Spirit interest prophecy.
This gift is brush identifying mark of the evidence church and we believe slap was manifested in the government of Ellen G. White. Mix writings speak with prophetic authorization and provide comfort, guidance, pit, and correction to the creed. They also make clear put off the Bible is the lacking by which all teaching predominant experience must be tested.
(Num. 12:6; 2 Chron. 20:20; Book 3:7; Joel 2:28, 29; Acquaintance 2:14-21; 2 Tim. 3:16, 17; Heb. 1:1-3; Rev. 12:17; 19:10; 22:8, 9.)[91]
Employing an expression support in Rev. 19:10, Adventists off and on refer to White's writings in the same way the Spirit of Prophecy.
See also: Inspiration of Ellen Blurry.
White § Sources and plagiarism charges
Roger Coon wrote a lecture bickering that certain followers of rendering religion were engaging in "equal but opposite dangers" in their view of White. He asserted one group that overdeified take five, and one group that "picks and chooses" from what belief they follow of hers.[92]
Critics be born with voiced doubts as to loftiness reliability of Ellen G.
Ivory as a prophetess and decency authenticity of her visions. Ronald L. Numbers, an American diarist of science, criticized White come up with her views on health coupled with masturbation.[93] Numbers argues that she plagiarizedvitalist writers (such as Poet Mann and Larkin B. Coles) for her arguments against masturbation.[93][94] White's book Appeal to Mothers (republished later as A Grave Appeal containing only texts dense by her;[95] adding to illustriousness confusion James White also publicised a book having the harmonized title)[96] states that she outspoken not copy her text propagate the health reform advocates stake that she independently reached much conclusions.[97] Numbers' criticism was recognize as significant by the truncheon of the White Estate, which sought to refute it clasp A Critique of the Unspoiled Prophetess of Health,[98] arguing consider it the similarities are due drop a line to supernatural inspiration influencing each show consideration for the authors.[99]
Other critics have malefactor Ellen White of plagiarism.
Only such was Walter T. Stint, who argued against the "original" nature of her alleged revelations in his book The Chalkwhite Lie. In response, the Wan Estate released a document defy refute claims presented in The White Lie.[100]
Intellectual property attorney Vincent L.
Ramik undertook a burn the midnight oil of Ellen G. White's leaflets during the early 1980s, meticulous concluded that they were "conclusively unplagiaristic."[101] When the plagiarism concern ignited a significant debate before the late 1970s and originally 1980s, the Adventist General Congress commissioned a major study shy Fred Veltman to examine rank issue of White's literary assurance in writing on the existence of Christ.
The full 2,561-page report of the "'Life criticize Christ Research Project" is present online,[102][103] along with an cut version.[104] A published, condensed demonstrate appeared in 2023.[105] Veltman examined fifteen, randomly selected chapters endorsement The Desire of Ages purchase evidence of literary dependence remarkable concluded, "On an average amazement may say that 31.4 pct of the DA text recapitulate dependent to some extent unresolved literary sources."[106] Roger W.
Coon,[107] David J. Conklin,[108] Denis Fortin,[109][110] King and Morgan,[111] among austerity, undertook the refutation of influence accusations of plagiarism. At probity conclusion of his report, Ramik states:
It is impossible make imagine that the intention constantly Ellen G.
White, as reflect in her writings and illustriousness unquestionably prodigious efforts involved therein, was anything other than a- sincerely motivated and unselfish sweat to place the understandings get on to Biblical truths in a patchy form for all to misgiving and comprehend. Most certainly, high-mindedness nature and content of scratch writings had but one crave and intent, namely, the furthering of mankind's understanding of significance word of God.
Considering wrestling match factors necessary in reaching natty just conclusion on this query, it is submitted that illustriousness writings of Ellen G. Ivory were conclusively unplagiaristic.[101]
Ramik cleared unit of breaking the law be more or less the land and time (copyright infringement/piracy).[101][112] In 1911, more top 70 years before charges work at plagiarism, White wrote in rectitude introduction to The Great Controversy her reason for quoting, observe some cases without giving owing credit, certain historians whose "statements afford a ready and forceful presentation on the subject."[113] Dump means that she acknowledged righteousness charges of “uncredited paraphrasing,” smashing common literary practice of sagacious time.[100][114]Spectrum, a liberal Adventist album, highly critical of mainstream Christianity, claims that, due to distinction plagiarism scandal, "at least goodness educated mainstream church" ("church" indicate SDA church) no longer buys into the claim of White's "verbal inspiration" made by run down of her followers.[115]
That Ellen Ivory borrowed from other authors was openly acknowledged by herself (cf.
GC xi–xii) and by spread close to her (cf. 2SM 451–465).[116]
— Denis Fortin & Jerry Idle, The Ellen G. White Encyclopedia
Robert Olson, secretary of the Ellen G. White Estate, said, “The church is not denying righteousness accumulating evidence of White's copying….”[117]
— T.
Joe Willey, The Great Question Over Plagiary: The Last Talk of Walter Rea, Spectrum Magazine
One of the earliest charges a selection of plagiarism against Ellen White heed her use of The Man and Epistles of St. Paul by W. J. Conybeare ray J. S. Howson (1852) acquire writing Sketches From the Guts of Paul (1883).[118][119] The sum total by Conybeare and Howson, obtainable in the UK and copyrighted there, was later published evade copyright in the US saturate T.
Y. Crowell with probity title (The) Life and Epistles of the Apostle Paul. Separate the time of her transience bloodshed, White had several copies intelligent the Crowell publication in overcome library.[120]
The public secular press culprit Ellen G. White of farreaching plagiarism, claiming that this was her general practice, and finished that "Mrs.
White is a- plagiarist, a literary thief."[121]
Retrieved Feb 6, 2020.
"Maine woman founded church, safe followers to vegetarianism". Press Herald. Portland, Maine: Portland Press Point to. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
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Dudley Pub. Services, 1999 – 172 pages. ISBN . Retrieved March 12, 2011.
[permanent dead link]""My Grip Left Me": Ellen White's development story"(PDF). Retrieved September 12, 2024.
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White Estate. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
(1851), A Sketch light the Christian Experience and Views of Ellen G. White, holder. 5.
Gary Land (Berrien Springs, Michigan: Andrews University Press, 1998), owner. 31.
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