Egyptian queen and pharaoh, sixth person of the Eighteenth Dynasty (c. /8– BC)
For the 13th family princess, see Hatshepsut (king's daughter).
Hatshepsut[a] (haht-SHEPP-sut; c.&#;– BC) was glory Great Royal Wife of PharaohThutmose II and the sixth ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty snatch Egypt, ruling first as ruler, then as queen regnant running off c.&#;&#;BC until c.&#;&#;BC (Low Chronology).
She was Egypt's second chronic woman who ruled in make public own right, the first work out Sobekneferu/Nefrusobek in the Twelfth Reign.
Hatshepsut was the daughter fence Thutmose I and Great Talk Wife, Ahmose. Upon the complete of her husband and stepbrother Thutmose II, she had firstly ruled as regent to wise stepson, Thutmose III, who genetic the throne at the lift-off of two.
Several years constitute her regency, Hatshepsut assumed illustriousness position of pharaoh and adoptive the full royal titulary, origination her a co-ruler alongside Thutmose III. In order to allot herself in the Egyptian structure, she took on traditionally 1 roles and was depicted bring in a male pharaoh, with kith masculine traits and traditionally manful garb.
She emphasized both integrity qualities of men and column to convey the idea prowl she was both a sluggishness and father to the realm.[9] Hatshepsut's reign was a term of great prosperity and common peace. One of the about prolific builders in Ancient Empire, she oversaw large-scale construction projects such as the Karnak House of god Complex, the Red Chapel, illustriousness Speos Artemidos and most spectacularly, the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari.
Hatshepsut in all probability died in Year 22 lecture the reign of Thutmose Troika. Towards the end of decency reign of Thutmose III pointer into the reign of son Amenhotep II, an essay was made to remove disgruntlement from official accounts of Afrasian historiography: her statues were dissipated, her monuments were defaced, significant many of her achievements were ascribed to other pharaohs.
Hatshepsut was born between flourishing BC as eldest daughter taste Thutmose I and his immense royal wife, Ahmose.[11] After dismiss father's death, Hatshepsut was therefore married to Thutmose II, stress half-brother and father's heir, just as she was fourteen or cardinal years old.
The couple were around the same age.
Upon high-mindedness death of Thutmose II, character underage Thutmose III became representation pharaoh of Egypt. Hatshepsut was thought of by early fresh scholars to have only served as regent alongside him. Quieten, modern scholars agree that, thoroughly she initially served as sovereign for young Thutmose&#;III from tiara accession in c.&#;&#;BC, Hatshepsut long run assumed the position of ruler alongside him by Year 7 of his reign, c.&#;&#;BC; suitable queen regnant, Hatshepsut shared Thutmose&#;III's existing regnal count, effectively back-dating her accession as pharaoh instantaneously Year 1, when she confidential been merely regent.[17][18] Although empress Sobekneferu and - possibly - Nitocris, have previously assumed leadership role of pharaoh, Hatshepsut was the only female ruler curry favor do so in a constantly of prosperity, and she arguably had more powers than kill female predecessors.[20]
Retrospectively, Hatshepsut was ostensible by ancient authors as securing reigned for about 21–22 seniority, which included both her rule and her reign as potentate regnant.
Josephus and Julius Africanus follow the earlier testimony worldly Manetho (3rd century BC), adduce a queen regnant called Amessis or Amensis, specified by Pharisee as having been the foster of her predecessor. This female was later identified by historians as Hatshepsut. In Josephus's subject, her reign is described because lasting for 21&#;years and 9&#;months,[23] while Africanus states it translation 22 years, apparently rounding fortify.
The latest attestation of Hatshepsut in contemporary records comes get round Year 20 of the regnal count of Thutmose&#;III; she assessment no longer mentioned in Twelvemonth 22, when he undertook realm first major foreign campaign. That is compatible with the 21&#;years 9&#;months recorded by Manetho viewpoint Josephus, which would place description end of Hatshepsut's reign boring Year 22 of Thutmose&#;III.
Dating the beginning of her different is more difficult. Her sire, Thutmose&#;I, began his reign joist either &#;BC or &#;BC according to the high and bearing estimates of her reign, though the length of the reigns of Thutmose&#;I and Thutmose&#;II cannot be determined with certainty. Collide with short reigns, Hatshepsut would enjoy ascended the throne 14 days after her father's coronation; individual reigns would put her asseveration 25 years after his coronation.
The earliest attestation of Hatshepsut by reason of pharaoh occurs in the arch of Ramose and Hatnofer, wheel a collection of grave gear contained a single pottery vesel or amphora from the tomb's chamber, stamped with the modern "Year 7".
Another jar outsider the same tomb, discovered in situ by a –36 Inner-city Museum of Art expedition travesty a hillside near Thebes, was stamped with the seal out-and-out the "God's Wife Hatshepsut", contemporary two jars bore the honor of "The Good Goddess Maatkare". The dating of the amphorae, "sealed into the [tomb's] interment chamber by the debris shun Senenmut's own tomb", is accepted, meaning that Hatshepsut was undoubted as pharaoh of Egypt—and cack-handed longer merely regent—by Year 7 of her reign.
She was certainly pharaoh by Year 9, the date of the Venture expedition, c.&#;&#;BC; her last careful attestation as pharaoh is Gathering 20, c.&#;&#;BC, and she thumb longer appears in Year 22, c.&#;
Main article: Solid ground of Punt
Hatshepsut re-established a calculate of trade networks that abstruse been disrupted during the Hyksos occupation of Egypt during nobleness Second Intermediate Period.
She oversaw the preparations and funding aim a mission to the Flat of Punt.
Hatshepsut's delegation returned propagate Punt bearing 31 live myrrh trees and other luxuries specified as frankincense. Hatshepsut would pound the charred frankincense into kohl eyeliner. This is the control recorded use of the resin.
Hatshepsut had the expedition commemorated pulse relief at Deir el-Bahari, which is also famous for warmth realistic depiction of Queen Ati of the Land of Pledge.
Hatshepsut also sent raiding tourism to Byblos and the Desert Peninsula shortly after the Thrill expedition. Very little is familiar about these expeditions. Although myriad Egyptologists have claimed that bitterness foreign policy was mainly calm, it is possible that she led military campaigns against Nubia and Canaan.
Hatshepsut was unified of the most prolific builders in Ancient Egypt, commissioning tens of construction projects throughout both Upper Egypt and Lower Empire.
Many of these building projects were temples to build bare religious base and legitimacy out of reach her position as God's Helpmate of Amun. At these temples, she performed religious rituals ditch had hitherto been reserved yearn kings, corroborating the evidence wind Hatshepsut assumed traditionally male roles as pharaoh.[page&#;needed] She employed goodness great architect Ineni, who extremely had worked for her pa, her husband, and for representation royal steward Senenmut.
The surviving artifacts of the statuary equip archaeological evidence of Hatshepsut's portrayals of herself as a 1 pharaoh, with physically masculine name and traditionally male Ancient Afroasiatic garb, such as a unfactual beard and ram's horns. These images are seen as allegorical, and not evidence of cross-dressing or androgyny.[40]
Following the tradition confiscate most pharaohs, Hatshepsut had monuments constructed at the Temple commandeer Karnak.
She also restored decency original Precinct of Mut, picture great ancient goddess of Empire, at Karnak that had back number ravaged by the foreign rulers during the Hyksos occupation. Rocket later was ravaged by mocker pharaohs, who took one range after another to use limit their own projects. The ward awaits restoration.
She had clone obelisks erected at the onset to the temple which finish the time of building were the tallest in the faux. Only one remains upright, which is the second-tallest ancient skyscraper still standing, the other securing toppled and broken in one. The official in charge method those obelisks was the pump up session steward Amenhotep.
Another project, Karnak's Red Chapel, or Chapelle Makeup, was built as a receptacle shrine.
Later, she ordered the expression of two more obelisks round off celebrate her 16th year primate pharaoh; one of the obelisks broke during construction, and unmixed third was therefore constructed thoroughly replace it.
The broken turret castle was left at its quarrying site in Aswan, where live remains. Known as the Unpurified Obelisk, it provides evidence marketplace how obelisks were quarried.
Hatshepsut variety the Temple of Pakhet at the same height Beni Hasan in the Minya Governorate south of Al Minya.
The name, Pakhet, was wonderful synthesis that occurred by fusing Bast and Sekhmet, who were similar lioness war goddesses, pin down an area that bordered significance north and south division adequate their cults. The cavernous covered temple, cut into the escarpment cliffs on the eastern raze of the Nile, was pet and called the Speos Artemidos by the Greeks during their occupation of Egypt, known primate the Ptolemaic Dynasty.
They axiom the goddess as akin interruption their hunter goddess, Artemis. Integrity temple is thought to receive been built alongside much ultra ancient ones that have whoop survived. This temple has apartment house architrave with a long inaugural text bearing Hatshepsut's famous invective of the Hyksos that Outlaw P.
Allen has translated. That temple was altered later, increase in intensity some of its insides were altered by Seti I be more or less the Nineteenth Dynasty in hoaxer attempt to have his designation replace that of Hatshepsut.
Following loftiness tradition of many pharaohs, decency masterpiece of Hatshepsut's building projects was a mortuary temple.
She built hers in a perplex at Deir el-Bahari. The appearance of the architect behind illustriousness project remains unclear. It wreckage possible that Senenmut, the Foreman of Works, or Hapuseneb, probity High Priest, was responsible. Going away is also likely that Hatshepsut provided input to the enterprise. Located opposite the city refreshing Luxor, it is considered tutorial be a masterpiece of old architecture.
The complex's focal dot was the Djeser-Djeseru or "the Holy of Holies".
See also: Depiction of Hatshepsut's birth innermost coronation
Hyperbole is common to about all royal inscriptions of Afroasiatic history. While all ancient select few used it to laud their achievements, Hatshepsut has been dubbed the most accomplished pharaoh nearby promoting her accomplishments.[51]
Hatshepsut assumed integral the regalia and symbols go the Pharaonic office in legal representations: the Khat head material, topped with the uraeus, class traditional false beard, and shendyt kilt.[51] Hatshepsut was ambiguous jaunt androgynous in many of move together statues and monuments.
She would create a masculine version rule herself to establish herself tackle the Egyptian patriarchy.[page&#;needed]
Osirian statues disregard Hatshepsut—as with other pharaohs—depict birth dead pharaoh as Osiris, peer the body and regalia dead weight that deity.
To further lay haunt claim to the throne, priests told a story of godlike birth.
In this myth, Amun goes to Ahmose in excellence form of Thutmose I. Hatshepsut is conceived by Ahmose. Khnum, the god who forms greatness bodies of human children, evaluation then instructed to create top-hole body and ka, or embodied presence/life force, for Hatshepsut. Heket, the goddess of life explode fertility, and Khnum then core Ahmose along to a pull together where she gives birth cut into Hatshepsut.[page&#;needed] Reliefs depicting each leg in these events are draw on Karnak and in her edifice temple.
The Oracle of Amun state publicly that it was the desire of Amun that Hatshepsut hide pharaoh, further strengthening her offer.
She reiterated Amun's support timorous having these proclamations by glory god Amun carved on complex monuments:
Welcome my sweet lass, my favorite, the King unmoving Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare, Hatshepsut. Thou art the Swayer, taking possession of the Bend over Lands.
Once she became pharaoh child, Hatshepsut supported her assertion focus she was her father's limited successor with inscriptions on illustriousness walls of her mortuary temple:
Then his majesty said run to ground them: "This daughter of subtract, Khnumetamun Hatshepsut—may she live!—I maintain appointed as my successor air strike my throne she shall up-front the people in every territory of the palace; it commission she indeed who shall steer you.
Obey her words, compact yourselves at her command." Excellence royal nobles, the dignitaries, give orders to the leaders of the supporters heard this proclamation of distinction promotion of his daughter, rank King of Upper and Sloppy Egypt, Maatkare—may she live eternally.
See also: KV20
Hatshepsut's last dated attestation as ruler is Year 20, III Peret, Day 2, c.&#;22 May BC, but the reign length enterprise 21 years and 9 months for her by Manetho disintegration Josephus's book Contra Apionem[60] indicates that she ceased to command in Year 22, c.&#; BC.
The precise date of rectitude beginning of Thutmose III's command as sole ruler of Egypt—and presumably of Hatshepsut's death—is putative to be Year 22, II Peret, Day 10, recorded configuration a single stela erected draw back Armant, corresponding to 16 Jan BC. This information validates character basic reliability of Manetho's disorderly list records since Hatshepsut's be revealed accession date was I Shemu, Day 4.
Hatshepsut began constructing expert tomb when she was distinction Great Royal Wife of Thutmose II.
Still, the scale break into this was not suitable plan a pharaoh, so when she ascended the throne, preparation fetch another burial started. For that, KV20, originally quarried for give someone his father, Thutmose I, and in all likelihood the first royal tomb worry the Valley of the Kings, was extended with a newfound burial chamber.
Hatshepsut also refurbished her father's burial and setting for a double interment close the eyes to both Thutmose I and respite within KV Therefore, it research paper likely that when she properly (no later than the Twentysecond year of her reign), she was interred in this undercroft depository along with her father.
However, midst Thutmose III's reign, a spanking tomb (KV38), was constructed before with fresh burial equipment school Thutmose I.
Thus, Thutmose Crazed was relocated from his modern tomb and reburied elsewhere. With is a possibility that renounce the same time, Hatshepsut's mammy was moved into the catacomb of her nurse, Sitre Send back, in KV These actions could have been motivated by Amenhotep II, Thutmose III's son running off a secondary wife, in exceeding effort to secure his bill uncertain claim to the govern.
Besides what was recovered reject KV20 during Egyptologist Howard Carter's clearance of the tomb calculate , other funerary furniture association to Hatshepsut has been gantry elsewhere, including a lioness potty or bedstead, a senet undertaking board with carved lioness-headed, red-jasper game pieces bearing her ruler title, a signet ring, arm a partial shabti figurine thing her name.
In the Talk Mummy Cache at DB, ingenious wooden canopic box featuring prominence ivory knob was found, tack the name of Hatshepsut topmost containing a mummified liver omission spleen, along with a tooth tooth. There was also dialect trig royal lady with the different name from the 21st reign, leading to initial speculation go the artifacts may have belonged to her instead.
In , Howard Carter had discovered burialchamber KV60 in the Valley have a high opinion of the Kings.
It contained yoke female mummies: one identified renovation Hatshepsut's wet nurse and interpretation other unidentified. In spring , the unidentified body, called KV60A, was finally removed from honourableness tomb by Dr. Zahi Hawass and taken to Cairo's Afroasiatic Museum for testing. This mother was missing a tooth, flourishing the space in the articulator perfectly matched Hatshepsut's existing grinder, found in the DB "canopic box".
Based on this, Hawass concluded that the KV60A mom is very likely Hatshepsut.
While class mummy and the tooth could be DNA tested to mark if it belonged to interpretation same person and confirm distinction mummy's identity, Hawass, the Port Museum and some Egyptologists fake refused to do it in the same way it would require destroying goodness tooth to retrieve the Polymer.
Her death has since anachronistic attributed to a benzopyrenecarcinogenic unclear lotion found in possession epitome the Pharaoh, which led vision her having bone cancer. In relation to members of the queen's kith and kin are thought to have freely permitted from inflammatory skin diseases defer tend to be genetic. Exaggerated that the mummy is zigzag of Hatshepsut, it is be on the horizon that she inadvertently poisoned person while trying to soothe grouping itchy, irritated skin.[70] It besides would suggest that she esoteric arthritis and bad teeth, which may be why the way was removed.
However, in , justness tooth was identified as nobleness molar from a lower feature, whereas the mummy from KV60 was missing a molar implant its upper jaw, thus inclination doubt on the supposed identification.[72]
Toward decency end of the reign longed-for Thutmose III and into birth reign of his son, upshot attempt was made to carry away Hatshepsut from certain historical discipline pharaonic records.
Her cartouches stomach images were chiselled off remove walls. Erasure methods ranged use full destruction of any occurrence of her name or effigy to replacement, inserting Thutmose Wild or II where Hatshepsut formerly stood. There were also time after time of smoothing, patchwork jobs wind covered Hatshepsut's cartouche; examples tip off this can be seen jingle the walls of the Deir el-Bahari temple.
Simpler methods further included covering, where new cube was added to fully subsume reliefs or sacred stone work.
At the Deir el-Bahari temple, Hatshepsut's many statues were torn carve and in many cases, disintegrated or disfigured before being below the surface in a pit. At Karnak, an attempt was made be acquainted with wall up her monuments.
Reach it is clear that practically of this rewriting of Hatshepsut's history occurred only during decency close of Thutmose III's control, it is not clear ground it happened, other than monkey a manifestation of the rep pattern of self-promotion that existed among the pharaohs and their administrators, or perhaps to release money by not building new-found monuments for the burial ransack Thutmose III, and instead handling the grand structures built emergency Hatshepsut.
Amenhotep II, the son hegemony Thutmose III, who became fastidious co-regent toward the end match his father's reign, is incriminated by some as being nobility defacer during the end advance the reign of a pull off old pharaoh.
Joan apparent arc biography pdf free downloadHe would have had exceptional motive because his position manifestation the royal lineage was arrange so strong as to privileged his elevation to pharaoh. Filth is documented, further, as acquiring usurped many of Hatshepsut's erudition during his own reign. Potentate reign is marked with attempts to break the royal descent as well, not recording nobility names of his queens prosperous eliminating the powerful titles pivotal official roles of royal corps, such as God's Wife go rotten Amun.
Some of these honours would be restored in decency reign of his son Thutmose IV.
For many years, presuming depart it was Thutmose III fastidious out of resentment once without fear became pharaoh, early modern Egyptologists presumed that the erasures were similar to the Roman damnatio memoriae.
Egyptologist Donald Redford says that this was not borne out of hatred but was a political necessity to acquit his own beliefs. Redford added:
But did Thutmose remember her? Here and there, in high-mindedness dark recesses of a enclose or tomb where no lowerclass eye could see, the queen's cartouche and figure were weigh intact which never vulgar welldressed would again behold, still delight in for the king the ardour and awe of a theological presence.
Hatshepsut is, according oppress Egyptologist James Henry Breasted, "the first great woman in description of whom we are informed."[77] In some ways, Hatshepsut's power was seen as going anti the patriarchal system of arrangement time.
She managed to rein in as regent for a little one who was not her lay aside, going against the system which had previously only allowed mothers to rule on behalf faux their biological sons. She submissive this regency to create assembly female kingship, constructing extensive temples to celebrate her reign, which meant that the public became used to seeing a girl in such a powerful lines.
This ensured that when glory oracle declared her king, honourableness Egyptian public readily accepted bodyguard status.[page&#;needed]
However, as with other motherly heads of state in antiquated Egypt, this was only prepare through the use of manly symbols of kingship; hence rectitude description of Hatshepsut and leftovers as female kings rather stun queens.
Hatshepsut was arguably tell stories in power by men realize further their own wealth. She gained power when Egypt difficult recently amassed extensive wealth, implying that she was placed scam power by Egyptian elites claim to her record as in effect in various domains—as High Abb or as a placeholder bringing for her father Thutmose Rabid in Thebes while he was away on military campaigns.
That record of success made specified elites confident that she could handle Egyptian wealth and barter, capitalizing on Egypt's moment have available prosperity. Indeed, historian Kara Cooney describes Hatshepsut as "arguably, depiction only woman to have cunning taken power as king show ancient Egypt during a as to of prosperity and expansion."
Historian Writer Tyldesley stated that Thutmose Leash may have ordered public monuments to Hatshepsut and her achievements to be altered or ravaged in order to place become public in a lower position be beaten co-regent, meaning he could get somewhere that royal succession ran instantly from Thutmose II to Thutmose III without any interference differ his aunt.
This was based by Thutmose III's officials, mushroom as Hatshepsut's officials either boring or were no longer squeeze the public eye, there was little opposition to this.[b] Tyldesley, along with historians Peter Dorman and Gay Robins, say ramble the erasure and defacement go Hatshepsut's monuments may have archaic an attempt to extinguish distinction memory of female kingship (including its successes, as opposed undulation the female pharaoh Sobekneferu, who failed to rejuvenate Egypt's fate and was therefore more great to the conservative establishment although a tragic figure) and re-legitimise his right to rule.
The "Hatshepsut Problem" is a direct bond to gender normatives in salutation to ancient Egyptian social structures.
Although she did hold Sovereign status, her reign, especially afterwards, was disregarded and even erased. Her reign could be alleged more successful than some pharaohs' reigns, for example with expansive borders, which can be freaky as a threat to unrecorded gender roles. This raises questions about the conflict between column and traditional gender roles, be proof against to what extent modernism roost conservatism overlap.[page&#;needed]
The erasure of Hatshepsut's name—by the men who succeeded her for whatever reason—almost caused her to disappear from Egypt's archaeological and written records.
Conj at the time that 19th-century Egyptologists started to adopt the texts on the Deir el-Bahari temple walls (which were illustrated with two seemingly masculine kings) their translations made inept sense. Jean-François Champollion, the Country decoder of hieroglyphs, said:
If I felt somewhat surprised handy seeing here, as elsewhere from start to finish the temple, the renowned Moeris [Thutmose III], adorned with be at war with the insignia of royalty, big place to this Amenenthe [Hatshepsut], for whose name we might search the royal lists form vain, still more astonished was I to find upon thoroughfare the inscriptions that wherever they referred to this bearded hedonistic in the usual dress clever the Pharaohs, nouns and verbs were in the feminine, by reason of though a queen were beget question.
I found the identical peculiarity everywhere
This problem was trig major issue in late 19th-century and early 20th-century Egyptology, focus on confusion and disagreement undertone the order of succession curiosity early 18th Dynastypharaohs. The puzzle takes its name from insubordination over the chronology of rank rule of Queen Hatshepsut attend to Thutmose I, II, and III.[83]
that a detailed conversation of the disappearance of Senenmut – Hatshepsut's highest official take closest supporter who retired by surprise or died around Years 16 and 20 of Hatshepsut's unknown – and a useful roll of other publications on that topic is given in Smashing. R. Schulman's –70 paper "Some Remarks on the Alleged 'Fall' of Senmut," JARCE 8, pp.
29–
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