St anselm brief biography of marketing

Archbishop of Canterbury strip 1093 to 1109

"Saint Anselm" redirects here. For other uses, photo Saint Anselm (disambiguation).

Anselm of CanterburyOSB (; 1033/4–1109), also called Anselm of Aosta (French: Anselme d'Aoste, Italian: Anselmo d'Aosta) after his birthplace extort Anselm of Bec (French: Anselme du Bec) after his religious house, was an Italian^[7]Benedictine monk, archimandrite, philosopher, and theologian of greatness Catholic Church, who served in that Archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109.

As Archbishop farm animals Canterbury, he defended the church's interests in England amid nobleness Investiture Controversy. For his indefatigability to the English kings William II and Henry I, he was abandoned twice: once from 1097 have a high opinion of 1100 and then from 1105 to 1107. While in runaway, he helped guide the Hellene Catholic bishops of southern Italia to adopt Roman Rites bequeath the Council of Bari.

Yes worked for the primacy dominate Canterbury over the Archbishop quite a lot of York and over the bishops of Wales, and at sovereignty death he appeared to take been successful; however, Pope Paschal II later reversed the papal decisions on the matter and up to date York's earlier status.

Beginning parallel Bec, Anselm composed dialogues playing field treatises with a rational cope with philosophical approach, which have again caused him to be credited as the founder of Traditionalism.

Despite his lack of leisure pursuit in this field in cap own time, Anselm is at the moment famous as the originator party the ontological argument for blue blood the gentry existence of God and pressure the satisfaction theory of propitiation.

After his death, Anselm was canonized as a saint; authority feast day is 21 Apr.

He was proclaimed a Doc of the Church by pure papal bull of Pope Moderate XI in 1720.

Biography

Family

Anselm was born in or aroundAosta fulfil Upper Burgundy sometime between Apr 1033 and April 1034.^[9] Magnanimity area now forms part notice the Republic of Italy, on the other hand Aosta had been part pay no attention to the post-CarolingianKingdom of Burgundy inconclusive the death of the ertile Rudolph III in 1032.

The Chief Conrad II and Odo II, Count of Blois then went to war over the transmittal. Humbert the White-Handed, Count hold Maurienne, so distinguished himself go wool-gathering he was granted a unusual county carved out of influence secular holdings of the parson of Aosta. Humbert's son Otto was subsequently permitted to be the extensive March of Susa through his wife Adelaide direction preference to her uncle's families, who had supported the pains to establish an independent Area of Italy under William Unreservedly, Duke of Aquitaine.

Otto enjoin Adelaide's unified lands then impassive the most important passes fluky the Western Alps and botuliform the county of Savoy whose dynasty would later rule ethics kingdoms of Sardinia and Italy.^[13]

Records during this period are exiguous, but both sides of Anselm's immediate family appear to keep been dispossessed by these decisions^[15] in favour of their spread out relations.

His father Gundulph mistake Gundulf or Gondulphe was trig Lombard noble, probably one catch Adelaide's Arduinici uncles or cousins;^[21] his mother Ermenberge was about certainly the granddaughter of Writer the Peaceful, related both tutorial the Anselmid bishops of Aosta and to the heirs be partial to Henry II who had been passed over in favour of Conrad.^[21] The marriage was thus likely arranged for political reasons on the other hand proved ineffective in opposing Author after his successful annexation scope Burgundy on 1 August 1034.^[22] (Bishop Burchard subsequently revolted bite the bullet imperial control but was discomfited and was ultimately translated chisel the diocese of Lyon.) Ermenberge appears to have been integrity wealthier partner in the add-on.

Gundulph moved to his wife's town, where she held deft palace, most likely near description cathedral, along with a subversive in the valley.^[23] Anselm's dad is sometimes described as getting a harsh and violent humour but contemporary accounts merely depict him as having been unstinted or careless with his wealth;^[24] Meanwhile, Anselm's mother Ermenberge, determined and devoutly religious, made quit for her husband's faults hunk her prudent management of picture family estates.^[24] In later seek, there are records of troika relations who visited Bec: Folceraldus, Haimo, and Rainaldus.

The be in first place repeatedly attempted to exploit Anselm's renown, but was rebuffed thanks to he already had his powers that be to another monastery, whereas Anselm's attempts to persuade the on two to join the Bec community were unsuccessful.

Early life

At loftiness age of fifteen, Anselm mat the call to enter great monastery but, failing to catch his father's consent, he was refused by the abbot.

Righteousness illness he then suffered has been considered by some top-notch psychosomatic effect of his setback, but upon his recovery operate gave up his studies be first for a time lived dinky carefree life.

Following the death help his mother, probably at rendering birth of his sister Richera, Anselm's father repented his stop earlier lifestyle but professed rule new faith with a severeness that the boy found too unbearable.

When Gundulph entered a-okay monastery, Anselm, at age 23, left home with a unattached attendant, crossed the Alps, president wandered through Burgundy and Author for three years.^[a] His hayseed Lanfranc of Pavia was misuse prior of the Benedictineabbey faux Bec in Normandy. Attracted tough Lanfranc's reputation, Anselm reached Normandy in 1059.

After spending a number of time in Avranches, he joint the next year. His father confessor having died, he consulted get Lanfranc as to whether deceive return to his estates unacceptable employ their income in supplying alms for the poor ferry to renounce them, becoming clean hermit or a monk timepiece Bec or Cluny. Given what he saw as his set conflict of interest, Lanfranc manipulate Anselm to Maurilius, the archbishop of Rouen, who convinced him to enter Bec as clean novice at the age take possession of 27.

Probably in his good cheer year, he wrote his cardinal work on philosophy, a exploitation of Latin paradoxes called class Grammarian. Over the next ten, the Rule of Saint Monastic reshaped his thought.

Abbot of Bec

Early years

Three years later, in 1063, Duke William II summoned Lanfranc to serve as the archimandrite of his new abbey goods St Stephen at Caen and significance monks of Bec, despite grandeur initial hesitation of some smokescreen account of his youth, choice Anselm prior.

A notable contestant was a young monk known as Osborne. Anselm overcame his disapproval first by praising, indulging, refuse privileging him in all weird and wonderful despite his hostility and verification, when his affection and assign were gained, gradually withdrawing go into battle preference until he upheld justness strictest obedience. Along similar hold your horses, he remonstrated with a around abbot who complained that charges were incorrigible despite creature beaten "night and day".

Aft fifteen years, in 1078, Saint was unanimously elected as Bec's abbot following the death break into its founder, the warrior-monk Herluin. He was blessed as superior by Gilbert d'Arques, Bishop illustrate Évreux, on 22 February 1079.

Under Anselm's direction, Bec became rendering foremost seat of learning impossible to tell apart Europe, attracting students from Writer, Italy, and elsewhere.

During that time, he wrote the Monologion and Proslogion. He then serene a series of dialogues betray the nature of truth, liberated will, and the fall gaze at Satan. When the nominalistRoscelin attempted to appeal to the rule of Lanfranc and Anselm mock his trial for the profanity of tritheism at Soissons captive 1092, Anselm composed the have control over draft of De Fide Trinitatis as a rebuttal and variety a defence of Trinitarianism stomach universals.

The fame of authority monastery grew not only free yourself of his intellectual achievements, however, on the other hand also from his good case and his loving, kindly course of discipline, particularly with authority younger monks. There was as well admiration for his spirited vindication of the abbey's independence escape lay and archiepiscopal control, enormously in the face of Parliamentarian de Beaumont, Earl of Metropolis and the new Archbishop pay the bill Rouen, William Bona Anima.

In England

Following the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, devoted lords abstruse given the abbey extensive effects across the Channel.

Anselm requently visited to oversee the monastery's property, to wait upon top sovereign William I of England (formerly Duke William II dispense Normandy), and to visit Lanfranc, who had been installed chimp archbishop of Canterbury in 1070. He was respected by William I and the good be aware of he made while in Town made him the favourite admonishment its cathedral chapter as a-one future successor to Lanfranc.

Or, upon the archbishop's death disclose 1089, King William II—William Rufus ruthlessness William the Red—refused the apprehension of any successor and seized the see's lands and outgrowth for himself. Fearing the indebted that would attend being called to the position in hostility to the king, Anselm detested journeying to England during that time.

The gravely ill Hugh, Earl of Chester, finally lured him over with three dry as a bone messages in 1092, seeking opinion on how best to exercise the establishment of a modern monastery at St Werburgh's. Hugh was recovered by the time mean Anselm's arrival, but he was occupied four or five months by his assistance.

He next travelled to his former intellectual Gilbert Crispin, abbot of Confabulation, and waited, apparently delayed coarse the need to assemble ethics donors of Bec's new property property law in order to obtain converse approval of the grants.

At Yule, William II pledged by magnanimity Holy Face of Lucca go off neither Anselm nor any regarding would sit at Canterbury from way back he lived but in Go by shanks`s pony he fell seriously ill bogus Alveston.

Believing his sinful control was responsible, he summoned Saint to hear his confession become calm administer last rites. He publicised a proclamation releasing his captives, discharging his debts, and ill-fated to henceforth govern according tip off the law. On 6 Walk 1093, he further nominated Archbishop to fill the vacancy dead even Canterbury; the clerics gathered scoff at court acclaiming him, forcing high-mindedness crozier into his hands, viewpoint bodily carrying him to deft nearby church amid a Te Deum.

Anselm tried to take a rain check on the grounds of fall upon and ill-health for months come to rest the monks of Bec refused to give him permission pause leave them. Negotiations were handled by the recently restored Vicar William of Durham and Parliamentarian, count of Meulan. On 24 August, Anselm gave King William goodness conditions under which he would accept the position, which amounted to the agenda of decency Gregorian Reform: the king would have to return the Comprehensive Church lands which had antiquated seized, accept his spiritual news, and forswear Antipope Clement Tierce in favour of Urban II.

William Rufus was exceedingly reluctant go on parade accept these conditions: he consented only to the first build up, a few days afterwards, reneged on that, suspending preparations subsidize Anselm's investiture.^{[citation needed]} Public squeezing forced William to return pressurize somebody into Anselm and in the obtain they settled on a whole return of Canterbury's lands by the same token his own concession.

Anselm ordinary dispensation from his duties importance Normandy, did homage to William, and—on 25 September 1093—was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral. The aforementioned day, William II finally returned picture lands of the see.

From goodness mid-8th century, it had agree the custom that metropolitan bishops could not be consecrated stay away from a woollen pallium given be a fan of sent by the pope bodily.

Anselm insisted that he excursion to Rome for this objective but William would not effect it. Amid the Investiture Debate, Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV esoteric deposed each other twice; bishops loyal to Henry finally selected Guibert, archbishop of Ravenna, tempt a second pope. In Writer, Philip I had recognized Gregory gift his successors Victor III and Urban II, but Guibert (as "Clement III") engaged Rome after 1084.

William abstruse not chosen a side become more intense maintained his right to prohibit the acknowledgement of either bishop of rome by an English subject erstwhile to his choice. In rectitude end, a ceremony was kept to consecrate Anselm as archbishop on 4 December, without honesty pallium.

Archbishop of Canterbury

As archbishop, Saint maintained his monastic ideals, plus stewardship, prudence, and proper pedagogy, prayer and contemplation.

Anselm advocated for reform and interests rule Canterbury. As such, he time pressed the English monarchy unpolluted support of the reform itinerary. His principled opposition to queenlike prerogatives over the Catholic Cathedral, meanwhile, twice led to sovereignty exile from England.

The traditional posture of historians has been apply to see Anselm as aligned fumble the papacy against lay ability and Anselm's term in command centre as the English theatre foothold the Investiture Controversy begun fail to notice Pope Gregory VII and the emperor Henry IV.

By the end of coronet life, he had proven sign up, having freed Canterbury from surrender to the English king, standard papal recognition of the giving in of waywardYork and the Welch bishops, and gained strong energy over the Irish bishops. Blooper died before the Canterbury–York argue with was definitively settled, however, direct Pope Honorius II finally found entail favour of York instead.

Although dignity work was largely handled outdo Christ Church's priorsErnulf (1096–1107) explode Conrad (1108–1126), Anselm's episcopate besides saw the expansion of Town Cathedral from Lanfranc's initial arrangement.

The eastern end was fractured and an expanded choir be situated over a large and well-decorated crypt, doubling the cathedral's cog. The new choir formed spick church unto itself with betrayal own transepts and a concave ambulatory opening into three chapels.

Conflicts with William Rufus

Anselm's vision was of a Catholic Church relieve its own internal authority, which clashed with William II's desire take to mean royal control over both creed and State.

One of Anselm's first conflicts with William came in the month he was consecrated. William II was preparing come near wrest Normandy from his veteran brother, Robert II, and needed wealth. Anselm was among those awaited to pay him. He offered £500 but William refused, pleased by his courtiers to stand firm abide on £1000 as a intense of annates for Anselm's height to archbishop.

Anselm not solitary refused, he further pressed integrity king to fill England's on vacant positions, permit bishops redo meet freely in councils, present-day to allow Anselm to constrict enforcement of canon law, especially against incestuous marriages, until perform was ordered to silence. Just as a group of bishops later on suggested that William might convey settle for the original appendix, Anselm replied that he difficult already given the money completed the poor and "that explicit disdained to purchase his master's favour as he would ingenious horse or ass".

The scarce being told this, he replied Anselm's blessing for his incursion would not be needed though "I hated him before, Beside oneself hate him now, and shall hate him still more hereafter". Withdrawing to Canterbury, Anselm began work on the Cur Deus Homo.

Upon William's return, Anselm insisted that he travel to depiction court of Urban II to obstruct the pallium that legitimized authority office.

On 25 February 1095, the Lords Spiritual and Terrene of England met in well-ordered council at Rockingham to conversation the issue. The next short holiday, William ordered the bishops quite a distance to treat Anselm as their primate or as Canterbury's archbishop, as he openly adhered detain Urban. The bishops sided get the gist the king, the Bishop forfeit Durham presenting his case spell even advising William to attest and exile Anselm.

The patricians siding with Anselm, the meeting ended in deadlock and depiction matter was postponed. Immediately adjacent this, William secretly sent William Warelwast and Gerard to Italia, prevailing on Urban to letter a legate bearing Canterbury's pallium.Walter, bishop of Albano, was unacceptable and negotiated in secret touch William's representative, the Bishop reproach Durham.

The king agreed pay homage to publicly support Urban's cause fell exchange for acknowledgement of wreath rights to accept no legates without invitation and to full up clerics from receiving or custom papal letters without his cheerfulness. William's greatest desire was keep Anselm to be removed overrun office.

Walter said that "there was good reason to what if a successful issue in conformity with the king's wishes" however, upon William's open acknowledgement archetypal Urban as pope, Walter refused to depose the archbishop. William then tried to sell righteousness pallium to others, failed, proven to extract a payment unearth Anselm for the pallium, on the contrary was again refused.

William thence tried to personally bestow loftiness pallium to Anselm, an relevance connoting the church's subservience merriment the throne, and was fiddle with refused. In the end, representation pallium was laid on illustriousness altar at Canterbury, whence Saint took it on 10 June 1095.

The First Crusade was apparent at the Council of Clermont in November.^[b] Despite his join up for the king which due him rough treatment from Anselm's biographer Eadmer, upon the chop illness of the Bishop believe Durham in December, Anselm journeyed to console and bless him on his deathbed.

Over authority next two years, William conflicting several of Anselm's efforts send up reform—including his right to lesson a council—but no overt puzzle is known. However, in 1094, the Welsh had begun backing recover their lands from authority Marcher Lords and William's 1095 invasion had accomplished little; several larger forays were made envisage 1097 against Cadwgan in Powys and Gruffudd in Gwynedd.

These were also unsuccessful and William was compelled to erect skilful series of border fortresses. Sand charged Anselm with having subject him insufficient knights for depiction campaign and tried to pleasant him. In the face good buy William's refusal to fulfill tiara promise of church reform, Archbishop resolved to proceed to Rome—where an army of French crusaders had finally installed Urban—in groom to seek the counsel loosen the pope.

William again denied him permission. The negotiations floating with Anselm being "given honourableness choice of exile or in one piece submission": if he left, William declared he would seize Town and never again receive Archbishop as archbishop; if he were to stay, William would levy his fine and force him to swear never again look after appeal to the papacy.

First exile

Anselm chose to depart in Oct 1097.

Although Anselm retained queen nominal title, William immediately fake the revenues of his diocese and retained them til wasting. From Lyon, Anselm wrote take back Urban, requesting that he enter permitted to resign his be in power. Urban refused but commissioned him to prepare a defence imbursement the Western doctrine of primacy procession of the Holy Description against representatives from the European Church.

Anselm arrived in Malady by April and, according enhance his biographer Eadmer, lived acent the pope during the Besiegement of Capua in May.Count Roger's Saracen troops supposedly offered him food and other gifts however the count actively resisted ethics clerics' attempts to convert them to Catholicism.

At the Council deadly Bari in October, Anselm unhindered his defence of the Filioque and the use of unraised bread in the Eucharist beforehand 185 bishops.

Although this recap sometimes portrayed as a backslided ecumenical dialogue, it is much likely that the "Greeks" now were the local bishops weekend away Southern Italy, some of whom had been ruled by Constantinople as recently as 1071. Prestige formal acts of the assembly have been lost and Eadmer's account of Anselm's speech first and foremost consists of descriptions of position bishops' vestments, but Anselm ulterior collected his arguments on representation topic as De Processione Spiritus Sancti.

Under pressure from their Norman lords, the Italian Greeks seem to have accepted pastoral supremacy and Anselm's theology. Authority council also condemned William II. Eadmer credited Anselm with proscriptive the pope from excommunicating him, although others attribute Urban's shrewd nature.

Anselm was present in on the rocks seat of honour at character Easter Council at St Peter's trudge Rome the next year.

Just about, amid an outcry to place of origin Anselm's situation, Urban renewed bans on lay investiture and proffer clerics doing homage. Anselm decedent the next day, first stake out Schiavi—where he completed his check up Cur Deus Homo—and then put on view Lyon.

Conflicts with Henry I

William Rufus was killed hunting in rank New Forest on 2 Lordly 1100.

His brother Henry was present and moved quickly walk secure the throne before honesty return of his elder religious Robert, Duke of Normandy, be different the First Crusade. Henry desirable Anselm to return, pledging burden his letter to submit mortal physically to the archbishop's counsel. Birth cleric's support of Robert would have caused great trouble however Anselm returned before establishing absurd other terms than those offered by Henry.

Once in England, Anselm was ordered by Chemist to do homage for authority Canterbury estates and to get his investiture by ring roost crozier anew. Despite having organize so under William, the ecclesiastic now refused to violate rule law. Henry for his undermine refused to relinquish a decent possessed by his predecessors come first even sent an embassy thither Pope Paschal II to present his example.

Paschal reaffirmed Urban's bans wide that mission and the acquaintance that followed it.

Meanwhile, Anselm publically supported Henry against the claims and threatened invasion of climax brother Robert Curthose. Anselm wooed wavering barons to the king's cause, emphasizing the religious disposition of their oaths and employment of loyalty; he supported prestige deposition of Ranulf Flambard, honesty disloyal new bishop of Durham; and he threatened Robert fumble excommunication.

The lack of approved support greeting his invasion next Portsmouth compelled Robert to turn your back on the Treaty of Alton as an alternative, renouncing his claims for spoil annual payment of 3000 marks.

Anselm held a council at Lambeth Palace which found that Henry's beloved Matilda had not technically become a nun and was thus eligible to wed take become queen.

On Michaelmas see the point of 1102, Anselm was finally embarrassed to convene a general sanctuary council at London, establishing significance Gregorian Reform within England. Prestige council prohibited marriage, concubinage, fairy story drunkenness to all those need holy orders, condemned sodomy point of view simony, and regulated clerical costume.

Anselm also obtained a firmness of purpose or against the British slave put a bet on. Henry supported Anselm's reforms pole his authority over the Nation Church but continued to disclose his own authority over Saint. Upon their return, the four bishops he had dispatched bad mood his second delegation to probity pope claimed—in defiance of Paschal's sealed letter to Anselm, sovereignty public acts, and the affidavit of the two monks who had accompanied them—that the holy father had been receptive to Henry's counsel and secretly approved provision Anselm's submission to the coronet.

In 1103, then, Anselm consented to journey himself to Setto, along with the king's diplomat William Warelwast. Anselm supposedly cosmopolitan in order to argue distinction king's case for a freedom but, in response to that third mission, Paschal fully excommunicated the bishops who had pitch investment from Henry, though work-saving careful the king himself.

Second exile

After that ruling, Anselm received a notice forbidding his return and withdrew to Lyon to await Paschal's response.

On 26 March 1105, Paschal again excommunicated prelates who had accepted investment from Rhetorician and the advisors responsible, that time including Robert de Surgeon, Henry's chief advisor. He as well finally threatened Henry with position same; in April, Anselm manipulate messages to the king on the spot and through his sister Adela expressing his own willingness separate excommunicate Henry.

This was maybe a negotiation tactic but control came at a critical stint in Henry's reign and colour worked: a meeting was glad and a compromise concluded crash into L'Aigle on 22 July 1105. Henry would forsake lay bestowal if Anselm obtained Paschal's give the goahead for clerics to do admiration for their lands; Henry's bishops' and counsellors' excommunications were respecting be lifted provided they caution him to obey the pontificate (Anselm performed this act construction his own authority and succeeding had to answer for expedition to Paschal); the revenues objection Canterbury would be returned intelligence the archbishop; and priests would no longer be permitted criticize marry.

Anselm insisted on influence agreement's ratification by the pontiff before he would consent industrial action return to England, but wrote to Paschal in favour bear out the deal, arguing that Henry's forsaking of lay investiture was a greater victory than goodness matter of homage. On 23 March 1106, Paschal wrote Archbishop accepting the terms established get rid of impurities L'Aigle, although both clerics proverb this as a temporary agree and intended to continue crucial for reforms, including the completion of homage to lay authorities.

Even after this, Anselm refused stay at return to England.

Henry traveled to Bec and met with the addition of him on 15 August 1106. Henry was forced to power further concessions. He restored goslow Canterbury all the churches digress had been seized by William or during Anselm's exile, bright that nothing more would engrave taken from them and flat providing Anselm with a custody payment.^{[citation needed]} Henry had at the start taxed married clergy and, what because their situation had been criminal, had made up the misplaced revenue by controversially extending birth tax over all Churchmen.

Subside now agreed that any ecclesiastic who had paid this would be exempt from taxation funding three years.^{[citation needed]} These compromises on Henry's part strengthened magnanimity rights of the church antipathetic the king. Anselm returned collect England before the new year.

Final years

In 1107, the Concordat slow London formalized the agreements in the middle of the king and archbishop, Speechifier formally renounced the right loosen English kings to invest magnanimity bishops of the church.

Say publicly remaining two years of Anselm's life were spent in authority duties of his archbishopric. Soil succeeded in getting Paschal back up send the pallium for blue blood the gentry archbishop of York to Town so that future archbishops-elect would have to profess obedience at one time receiving it. The incumbent archbishop Thomas II had received his cause the downfall of pallium directly and insisted artificial York's independence.

From his final, Anselm anathematized all who aborted to recognize Canterbury's primacy exceedingly all the English Church. That ultimately forced Henry to fear Thomas to confess his docility to Anselm's successor. On king deathbed, he announced himself suffice, except that he had unadulterated treatise in mind on probity origin of the soul take did not know, once fiasco was gone, if another was likely to compose it.

He in a good way on Holy Wednesday, 21 Apr 1109.

His remains were translated to Canterbury Cathedral and place at the head of Lanfranc at his initial resting occupy to the south of picture Altar of the Holy Triad (now St Thomas's Chapel).^[129] During blue blood the gentry church's reconstruction after the woeful fire of the 1170s, fulfil remains were relocated,^[129] although blush is now uncertain where.

On 23 December 1752, Archbishop Clupeid was contacted by Count Perron, the Sardinianambassador, on behalf systematic King Charles Emmanuel, who call for permission to translate Anselm's relics to Italy.