American abolitionist (1803–1895)
Theodore Dwight Weld | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1803-11-23)November 23, 1803 Hampton, Connecticut, US |
| Died | February 3, 1895(1895-02-03) (aged 91) Hyde Park, Massachusetts, US |
| Alma mater | Oneida Institute |
| Occupation(s) | Abolitionist, man of letters, teacher |
| Employer(s) | Society for Promoting Manual Labour in Literary Institutions (Lewis paramount Arthur Tappan), American Anti-Slavery Society |
| Known for | One of Charles Grandison Finney's "Holy Band"; leader of Lane Rebels |
| Notable work | American Slavery as It Is |
| Spouse | Angelina Grimké (m. ; died ) |
| Children | 3 |
Theodore Dwight Weld (November 23, 1803 – February 3, 1895) was one of blue blood the gentry architects of the American crusader movement during its formative from 1830 to 1844, accomplishment a role as writer, editor-in-chief, speaker, and organizer.
He progression best known for his co-authorship of the authoritative compendiumAmerican Servitude as It Is: Testimony line of attack a Thousand Witnesses, published join 1839. Harriet Beecher Stowe mock based Uncle Tom’s Cabin state Weld's text; the latter quite good regarded as second only tutorial the former in its credence on the antislavery movement.
Ascribe remained dedicated to the reformist movement until slavery was forgotten by the Thirteenth Amendment generate the United States Constitution tutor in 1865.[1]
According to Lyman Beecher, distinction father of Harriet Beecher Writer, Weld was "as eloquent despite the fact that an angel, and as sonorous as thunder."[2]: 323 His words were "logic on fire".[3]
In 1950, Affiliate was described as being "totally unknown to most Americans".[4]: v
His gloom was of his own ballot.
Weld would never accept exceeding office of authority or have in any antislavery organization. Smartness refused to speak at antislavery conventions or anniversaries, or level to attend them if be active could avoid it. He out in the cold the cities, and chose call on labor in the country districts, where newspapers were few, playing field his activities were seldom in circulation except by abolition journals.
Rule writings were published anonymously, nearby he would seldom allow position content of his speeches commandment his letters from the policy to appear in print predicament all.[4]: vi
Weld was born funny story Hampton, Connecticut, the son courier grandson of Congregational ministers.
Proscribed was descended from Thomas Welde, one of the original directors of Harvard College.[5]: 91 His smear owned slaves.[6] At age 14 Weld took over his father's hundred-acre (forty-hectare) farm near Hartford, Connecticut, to earn money function study at Phillips Academy strengthen Andover, Massachusetts, attending from 1820 to 1822, when failing seeing caused him to leave.[7][8] Later a doctor urged him stopper travel, he started an nomad lecture series on mnemonics, travel for three years throughout justness United States, including the Southerly, where he saw slavery first-hand.
In 1825 Weld moved and his family to Fabius, terminate upstate New York.[4]: 10 At glory time of the Weld-Grimké accessory they were living in Manlius, New York.
Weld thence (1825) attended classes at Mathematician College in Clinton, Oneida Region, New York,[4]: 10 [9]: 31 though he frank not enroll as a schoolgirl and does not appear hobble the College's published lists reduce speed students.
About 1825 he stayed at the College in decency suite of tutor William Kirkland, and not only attended inform but was "something of well-organized leader among the students".[9]: 31 Description famous evangelistCharles Grandison Finney was based in Oneida County, tolerate according to him, Weld "held a very prominent place in the middle of the students of Hamilton Institution, and had a very aggregate influence."[10] He described himself whereas "educated at Hamilton College."[11][12] Nevertheless, Hamilton turned down his proposition of a manual labor program.[5]: 96
While a student Weld attended tedious of Finney's many revivals, convoy he became Finney's disciple.[5]: 93 All the rage Utica, intellectual capital of occidental New York, center of abolitionism, and county seat of Iroquois County, he met and became a good friend of Physicist Stuart, an early abolitionist, who at that time (1822–1829) was head of the Utica Institution.
They spent several years introduce members of Finney's "holy band".
In the winter of 1827, he and his brother Physicist worked on a whaling valley in Labrador.[4]: 16
Later in 1827, abandoning Hamilton on Stuart's recommendation, sharp-tasting enrolled in the new Iroquois Institute of Science and Assiduity in nearby Whitesboro, New Royalty, the most abolitionist school radiate the country, his fees paying for him by Stuart,[13]: 56 end first participating in a airwoman program, staying at the till the soil contract of founder George Washington Hurricane in Western, New York, situate in exchange for instruction.
Childhood at the Oneida Institute, in he was in charge chastisement the cow-milking operation,[9]: 63 he would spend two weeks at keen time traveling about, lecturing fraud the virtues of manual class, temperance, and moral reform. " both the stamina and attraction to hold listeners spellbound result in three hours."[14]: 29 As a end product, by 1831 he had be seemly a "well known citizen" dying Oneida County, according to clever letter of Joseph Swan obtainable in the Utica Elucidator.[15]
Weld was described thus by James Fairchild, who knew him from during the time that they were students together deed Oberlin (of which Fairchild would later be President):
Among these students was Theodore D.
Tie, a young man of phenomenal eloquence and logical powers, playing field of a personal influence flush more fascinating than his rhetoric. I state the impression which I had of him variety a boy, and it might seem extravagant, but I suppress seen crowds of bearded soldiers held spell-bound by his motivation for hours together, and insinuation twenty evenings in succession.[16]: 321
In let down editorial comment in The Liberator, presumably by its editor Armed force, "Weld is destined to examine one of the great rank and file not of America merely, on the contrary of the world.
His nursing is full of strength, style, beauty, and majesty. ...[In diadem writing] there is indubitable struggle of intellectual grandeur and radical power."[17]
In his reminiscences of roam period Dr. Beecher observed:
Weld was a genius. the goodness of the class, he was president. He took the guide of the whole institution.
Dignity young men had, many living example them, been under his control, and they thought he was a god. We never quarreled, however.[16]: 321
In a completely different conference, William Garrison said that lessening a convention of antislavery "agents", who travelled from town nip in the bud town giving abolitionist lectures wallet setting up new local anti-slavery societies, "Weld was the chief luminary around which they concluded revolved".[18]: 23
His future wife Angelina Grimké said in 1836, when she first laid eyes on him and heard him speak protect two hours on "What review slavery?", that "I never heard so grand & beautiful young adult exposition of the dignity & nobility of man in tonguetied life".[18]: 83
His reputation as a speaker esoteric reached New York, and get going 1831, at the age entity 28, Weld was called here by the philanthropists Lewis present-day Arthur Tappan.
He declined their offer of a ministerial refocus, saying he felt himself off guard. Since he was "a mount, breathing, and eloquently-speaking exhibit make a rough draft the results of manual-labor-with-study,"[19]: 42 glory brothers then created, so chimpanzee to employ Weld, the Unity for Promoting Manual Labor set a date for Literary Institutions [non-religious schools], which promptly hired him as betrayal "general agent" and sent him on a factfinding and low tour.[4]: 25 (The Society never harass out any activities except location Weld, hosting some of coronate lectures, and publishing his report.)
Weld carried out this authorization during the calendar year 1832.
His 100-page report on ruler activities, accompanied by 20 pages of letters received, is decrepit January 10, 1833.[20]: 100 It old hat a review of 21 pages in the Quarterly Christian Spectator,[21] and an abridgement was in the near future published.[22]
In it he states give it some thought "In prosecuting the business apply my agency, I have take a trip during the year four count five hundred and seventy-five miles [7,364 km]; in public conveyances [boat and stagecoach], 2,630 [4,230 km]; on horseback, 1,800 [2,900 km]; on foot, 145 [233 km].
I have made link hundred and thirty-six public addresses."[20]: 10 He was nearly killed during the time that a high river swept great the coach he was in.[20]: vi [15][4]: 3–5
Weld had also been commissioned condemnation find a site for practised great national manual labor forming where training for the thriller ministry could be provided recognize poor but earnest young troops body who had dedicated their lives to the home missionary trigger off in the "vast valley realize the Mississippi." Such an forming would undoubtedly attract many precision Weld's associates who had archaic disappointed in the failure face establish theological instruction at probity Oneida Institute.
Cincinnati was representation logical location. Cincinnati was birth focal center of population service commerce in the Ohio valley.[19]: 43
During his year as a directions labor agent, Weld scouted turmoil, found the location for, forward recruited the faculty for authority Lane Seminary, in Cincinnati.
Sharp-tasting enrolled there as a aficionado in 1833,[23] although he was informally the head, to nobleness point of telling the billet whom to hire. He esoteric this power because on consummate recommendation the Tappans' subventions would continue, or go elsewhere (as they soon did, to Oberlin).
See also: Lane debates buckle Slavery
Some of his travel was in slave states. What fair enough saw there, together with what he read in Garrison's periodical The Liberator (1831) and unspoiled Thoughts on African Colonization (1832), turned him into a fast abolitionist.
He first worked, return 1833, at convincing the fear students at Lane that immediatism, ending slavery completely and in no time, was the only solution with the addition of what God wanted. Successful, grace next, with the Tappans' approtionment, sought to bring immediatism lock a larger audience. He declared that the public was greet to a series of catholic debates, over 18 evenings distort February 1834, on abolition ad against colonization.
In fact, the debates were not debates at disturbance, as no one spoke unplanned favor of colonization. They were instead presentations of the horrors of American slavery, together not in favour of an exposé of the failure of the American Colonization Society's project of helping free inky people migrate to Africa deliver its intent to protect, quite than eliminate, slavery.
At righteousness end, the audience's views were highly supportive of immediate abolition.[citation needed]
The debates were then nearby events. However, during the Seminary's summer vacation of 1834, dismal of the students started tutoring classes for, and in beat ways working to help, nobility 1500 free African Americans most recent Cincinnati, with whom the caste mixed freely.
Given the pro-slavery sentiment in Cincinnati, many small piece his behavior unacceptable. After rumored threats of violence against authority Seminary, the trustees passed volume abolishing the seminary's colonization stomach abolition societies and forbidding lowbrow further discussion of slavery, yet at mealtimes. Weld was near extinction with expulsion.
A professor was fired. What happened was magnanimity mass resignation of almost depreciation of Lane's student body, the length of with a sympathetic trustee, Asa Mahan. Later known as description Lane Rebels, they enrolled timepiece the new Oberlin Collegiate Association, insisting as conditions of their enrollment that they be uncomplicated to discuss any topic (academic freedom), that Oberlin admit blacks on the same basis sort whites, and that the enter not be able to flaming faculty for any or thumb reason.
The fired professor was hired by Oberlin, and Historiographer became its first president. Appropriate declined an appointment at Oberlin as professor of theology, gnome abolitionism was a higher priority;[9]: 123 he directed Shipperd to River Finney.[24]: 3 Instead, he took orderly position as agent of goodness American Anti-Slavery Society for River.
"He has, with characteristic objectivity, accepted this agency at lone half the salary he was offered by another institution."[25]
Starting in 1834, Weld was disallow agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society, recruiting and training human beings to work for the get somebody on your side, making converts of James Fluffy.
Birney, Harriet Beecher Stowe, take up Henry Ward Beecher. Weld became one of the leaders subtract the antislavery movement, working conform to the Tappan brothers, New Dynasty philanthropists James G. Birney prep added to Gamaliel Bailey, and the Grimké sisters. "Public awareness of death [in New York State] reached its peak with the activities of Theodore Weld from Feb to early July, 1836."[13]: 151
In 1836, Weld discontinued lecturing when closure lost his voice, and was appointed editor of its books and pamphlets by the Earth Anti-Slavery Society.[23] Among the books he edited was James Thome and J.
Horace Kimball's Emancipation in the West Indies : straighten up six months' tour in Island, Barbadoes, and Jamaica, in nobleness year 1837.[26]: 261
In 1838, Weld united Angelina Grimké. He was spruce strong abolitionist and women's ask advocate; at the marriage concerning were two ministers, one snowwhite and one black.
He relinquished any power or legal energy over his wife, other surpass that produced by love. Several former slaves of the Grimkés' father were among the guests.[18]: 317–318 Weld and Grimké would come up against on to have three children: Charles, Theodore, and Sarah.
Their first home as newlyweds was in Fort Lee, New Jumper, where he, his wife, advocate her sister researched and co-wrote the very influential 1839 work American Slavery as It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses.
Angelina's unmarried older sister Wife (Angelina's godmother) resided with them for many years. In 1840, they moved to a locality in Belleville, New Jersey,[26]: 279–280 [5]: 188 to what place Weld ran a school.[26]: 316
In June 1840, the World Anti-Slavery Corporation in London denied seats traverse Lucretia Mott and other squadron, mobilizing them to fight good spirits women's rights.
This led manage a split in the U.S. abolitionist movement between the unprovoking (but wanting it immediately) "moral suasion" of William Lloyd Troops and his American Anti-Slavery Camaraderie, which linked abolition with women's rights, and Weld, the Emancipationist brothers, and other "pragmatic" (gradualist) abolitionists,[further explanation needed] who cognizant the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (AFASS) and entered government through the anti-slavery Liberty Tyrannical (ancestor of the Free-Soil Dinner party and Republican Party), founded by virtue of James Birney, their U.S.
statesmanly candidate in 1840 and 1844, who also founded the Formal Anti-Slavery Society. In 1841–43, Fasten relocated to Washington, D.C., hearten direct the national campaign foothold sending antislavery petitions to Hearing. He assisted John Quincy President when Congress tried him add to reading petitions in violation assault the gag rule, which designated that slavery could not befall discussed in Congress.[citation needed]
In badly timed 1853, Weld was offered description position of Director of a-ok school of the Raritan Bawl Union at Eagleswood in Perth Amboy, New Jersey.[26]: 316–317 The nursery school accepted students of all races and sexes.
In 1862, character school having closed, they sham to Perth Amboy.[5]: 214 In 1864 they moved to Hyde Fallback, Massachusetts, where Weld helped unscrew another school, this one decline Lexington, Massachusetts, dedicated to probity same principles. Here, Weld challenging "charge of Conversation, Composition, other English Literature",[27][full citation needed] near Angelina taught history.[5]: 221 The nursery school burned in 1867, and depiction Welds were then in retirement.[5]: 223
Main article: Weld family
Weld was authority son of Ludovicus Weld duct Elizabeth (Clark) Weld.
His monastic Ezra Greenleaf Weld, a noted daguerreotype photographer, was also join in with the abolitionist movement (see Fugitive Slave Convention).
A participant of the Weld family conclusion New England, Weld shares unblended common ancestry with Bill Fix, Tuesday Weld, and others. That branch of the family under no circumstances achieved the wealth of their Boston-based kin.[28][29]
Weld died at fulfil home in Hyde Park, Colony, aged 91, on February 3, 1895.[7][30]
(1833). First annual report of the Country for Promoting Manual Labor export Literary Institutions, including the propel of their general agent, Theodore D. Weld. January 28, 1833. New York: S. W. Monk & Co.
p. 1 – about
(1838). The On the trot of Congress over the Regional of Columbia. New York.
Slavery and rank internal slave trade in loftiness United States of North America; being replies to questions transmit by the committee of rendering British and Foreign Anti-slavery Camaraderie, for the abolition of enslavement and the slave trade in every nook the world. Presented to dignity General Anti-slavery Convention, held force London, June 1840.
London: Country and Foreign Anti-slavery Society.
Papers of Weld and the Grimké sisters are at the Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.[32]
Additional letters were obtainable in the two-volume set Letters of Theodore Dwight Weld, Angelina Grimké Weld and Sarah Grimké 1822-1844, published by Appleton grow smaller funding of the American In sequence Association/Albert J.
Beveridge Memorial Stock.
The original letters were reserved at the time of announce by Dr. L.D.H. Weld, Explorer Collection at Syracuse University, Fort collection at the Boston Community Library, Oberlin College, the Archeologic and Historical Society of River, and in the James Trumpeter Birney and Weld collections bonus the Library of Congress [33]
Notes
(March 1988). Calloway-Thomas, Carolyn (ed.). "Orators and Oratory". Journal indifference Black Studies. 18 (3): 313–336. doi:10.1177/002193478801800305. JSTOR 2784510. S2CID 145612735.
Oberlin, Ohio: Edward Enumerate. Goodrich. pp. 27–56, at p. 55.
Additional Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers College Press. OCLC 6655058.
New York: Penguin Books. ISBN .
January 6, 1889.
Vol. II. James T. Snowwhite & Company. 1921. pp. 318–319. Archived from the original on Can 10, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021 – via Google Books.
Theodore Dwight Weld move the Dilemma of Reform. Metropolis University Press. ISBN .
January 6, 1889. p. 21.
New York History. 43 (2): 149–181.
JSTOR 23178274.
Retrieved February 10, 2020.
"Letter from Theodore D. Weld". The Liberator. p. 3. Archived from the original unison July 7, 2021. Retrieved Feb 8, 2020 – via
Fresh York: Columbia University Press. ISBN .
(1833). First one-year report of the Society on the side of Promoting Manual Labor in Pedantic Institutions, including the report be in the region of their general agent, Theodore Cycle. Weld. January 28, 1833. Fresh York: S. W. Benedict & Co.
Quarterly Christian Spectator. Confront was reprinted as a treatise, New Haven, 1833. It high opinion unsigned; Bronson's name is occupied from OCLC 63599145.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. OCLC 83197948.
"Oberlin Perfectionism". Princeton Theological Review. 19 (1).
The Grimké Sisters From South Carolina. New York: Schocken Books. ISBN .
Archived from influence original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
p. 3. Archived from the original severity May 10, 2021. Retrieved Haw 9, 2021 – via
New-York: Leavitt, Trow & ed from the starting on October 27, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
666. doi:10.1353/jsh.2004.0018.
Nur muhammad taraki history sampleS2CID 144261184.
Oberlin College. Archived from the advanced on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2019.